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Absolute:
A measure having as its zero point or base the complete absence of the entity being measured.

Absolute:
A measure having as its zero point or base the complete absence of the entity being measured.

Absolute:
A measure having as its zero point or base the complete absence of the entity being measured.

Absolute:
A measure having as its zero point or base the complete absence of the entity being measured.

Absolute:
A measure having as its zero point or base the complete absence of the entity being measured.

Absolute pressure:
The pressure above zero absolute, i.e., the sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure.  In vacuum related work it is usually expressed in millimeters, or inches, of mercury.

Absolute pressure:
The pressure above zero absolute, i.e., the sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure.  In vacuum related work it is usually expressed in millimeters, or inches, of mercury.

Absolute pressure:
The pressure above zero absolute, i.e., the sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure.  In vacuum related work it is usually expressed in millimeters, or inches, of mercury.

Absolute pressure:
The pressure above zero absolute, i.e., the sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure.  In vacuum related work it is usually expressed in millimeters, or inches, of mercury.

Absolute pressure:
The pressure above zero absolute, i.e., the sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure.  In vacuum related work it is usually expressed in millimeters, or inches, of mercury.

Acceptance sampling:
A statistical quality control method that seeks to determine the quality of a product by sampling a small portion of it.  It does not assure that 100 percent of the product is acceptable, but reduces the likelihood of acceptance of a defective product.

Acceptance sampling:
A statistical quality control method that seeks to determine the quality of a product by sampling a small portion of it.  It does not assure that 100 percent of the product is acceptable, but reduces the likelihood of acceptance of a defective product.

Acceptance sampling:
A statistical quality control method that seeks to determine the quality of a product by sampling a small portion of it.  It does not assure that 100 percent of the product is acceptable, but reduces the likelihood of acceptance of a defective product.

Acceptance sampling:
A statistical quality control method that seeks to determine the quality of a product by sampling a small portion of it.  It does not assure that 100 percent of the product is acceptable, but reduces the likelihood of acceptance of a defective product.

Acceptance sampling:
A statistical quality control method that seeks to determine the quality of a product by sampling a small portion of it.  It does not assure that 100 percent of the product is acceptable, but reduces the likelihood of acceptance of a defective product.

Accumulator:
A container in which fluid (generally nitrogen) is stored under pressure as a source of fluid power.

Accumulator:
A container in which fluid (generally nitrogen) is stored under pressure as a source of fluid power.

Accumulator:
A container in which fluid (generally nitrogen) is stored under pressure as a source of fluid power.

Accumulator:
A container in which fluid (generally nitrogen) is stored under pressure as a source of fluid power.

Accumulator:
A container in which fluid (generally nitrogen) is stored under pressure as a source of fluid power.

Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF):
The fibrous, least-digestible portion of roughage. ADF consists of the highly indigestible parts of the forage, including lignin, cellulose, silica and insoluble forms of nitrogen.

Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF):
The fibrous, least-digestible portion of roughage. ADF consists of the highly indigestible parts of the forage, including lignin, cellulose, silica and insoluble forms of nitrogen.

Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen (ADIN):
A measure of the nitrogen remaining in the acid detergent fibre residue of a feed sample. Usually considered to be an indicator of heat damage that can occur during storage or processing.

Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen (ADIN):
A measure of the nitrogen remaining in the acid detergent fibre residue of a feed sample. Usually considered to be an indicator of heat damage that can occur during storage or processing.

Acid Detergent Insoluble Protein (ADIP):
Is the insoluble protein fraction, which is unavailable to the animal due to heat damage.  Also referred to as acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP).

Acid Detergent Insoluble Protein (ADIP):
Is the insoluble protein fraction, which is unavailable to the animal due to heat damage.  Also referred to as acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP).

Acidic rocks:
Most often refers to an igneous rock carrying a high proportion of silica (>65%).

Acidic rocks:
Most often refers to an igneous rock carrying a high proportion of silica (>65%).

Acidification:
When applied to feed is used to enhance the stomach acidity, reduce pH and salmonella infection as well as improving pig performance.

Acidification:
When applied to feed is used to enhance the stomach acidity, reduce pH and salmonella infection as well as improving pig performance.

Acid mine drainage:
Acidic run off water from waste dump and mill tailings ponds containing sulphide minerals. Acidity can promote the solubilization of heavy metal contaminants and must be treated before release into the natural environment.

Acid mine drainage:
Acidic run off water from waste dump and mill tailings ponds containing sulphide minerals. Acidity can promote the solubilization of heavy metal contaminants and must be treated before release into the natural environment.

Acid mine water:
Natural seepage of moisture through the ground that reacts with iron pyrites which eventually accumulates within a mine as water containing free sulphuric acid.

Acid mine water:
Natural seepage of moisture through the ground that reacts with iron pyrites which eventually accumulates within a mine as water containing free sulphuric acid.

Acid rock drainage:
Acidic run off water from waste dump and mill tailings ponds containing sulphide minerals. Acidity can promote the solubilization of heavy metal contaminants and must be treated before release into the natural environment.

Acid rock drainage:
Acidic run off water from waste dump and mill tailings ponds containing sulphide minerals. Acidity can promote the solubilization of heavy metal contaminants and must be treated before release into the natural environment.

Acre (a):
A unit of area used in English-speaking countries, equal to 4,840 square yards (0.405 hectares).

Acre (a):
A unit of area used in English-speaking countries, equal to 4,840 square yards (0.405 hectares).

Acre (a):
A unit of area used in English-speaking countries, equal to 4,840 square yards (0.405 hectares).

Acre (a):
A unit of area used in English-speaking countries, equal to 4,840 square yards (0.405 hectares).

Acre (a):
A unit of area used in English-speaking countries, equal to 4,840 square yards (0.405 hectares).

Across the grain:
The direction at right angles to the length of the fibres and other longitudinal elements of the wood.

Across the grain:
The direction at right angles to the length of the fibres and other longitudinal elements of the wood.

Active falling area:
The area within two tree-length radius of where a faller or a mechanized falling machine is operating.

Active falling area:
The area within two tree-length radius of where a faller or a mechanized falling machine is operating.

Active workings:
Areas inside a mine where miners actively work or travel. These areas are well ventilated and undergo continuous safety and health inspections.

Active workings:
Areas inside a mine where miners actively work or travel. These areas are well ventilated and undergo continuous safety and health inspections.

Actuator:
A device for converting pneumatic or hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.  A motor or cylinder.

Actuator:
A device for converting pneumatic or hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.  A motor or cylinder.

Actuator:
A device for converting pneumatic or hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.  A motor or cylinder.

Actuator:
A device for converting pneumatic or hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.  A motor or cylinder.

Actuator:
A device for converting pneumatic or hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.  A motor or cylinder.

Additives:
Pharmaceutical or nutritional substances that are not natural feedstuffs, which are added to made-up and stored feeds for various purposes. Chiefly to control infectious disease, promote growth, feed preservation or flavour.

Additives:
Pharmaceutical or nutritional substances that are not natural feedstuffs, which are added to made-up and stored feeds for various purposes. Chiefly to control infectious disease, promote growth, feed preservation or flavour.

Adhesive:
A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes cements, mucilage, and paste, as well as glue.

Adhesive:
A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes cements, mucilage, and paste, as well as glue.

Adhesive:
A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes cements, mucilage, and paste, as well as glue.

Adhesive:
A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes cements, mucilage, and paste, as well as glue.

Adhesive:
A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes cements, mucilage, and paste, as well as glue.

Adit:
A type of entrance into a hill (mine) which is horizontal or nearly horizontal.

Adit:
A type of entrance into a hill (mine) which is horizontal or nearly horizontal.

Adult wood:
Wood which characteristically has relatively constant cell size, well-developed structural patterns, and stable physical behaviour; also called Mature wood.

Adult wood:
Wood which characteristically has relatively constant cell size, well-developed structural patterns, and stable physical behaviour; also called Mature wood.

Adverse (grade):
Ascending grade in the direction of travel.

Adverse (grade):
Ascending grade in the direction of travel.

Aerate:
To force air and oxygen into livewells to keep fish or bait alive.  To force air under the running surface of a hull.

Aerate:
To force air and oxygen into livewells to keep fish or bait alive.  To force air under the running surface of a hull.

Aeration:
Air in the hydraulic fluid.  Excessive aeration causes the fluid to appear milky and components to operate erratically because of the compressibility of the air trapped in the fluid.

Aeration:
Air in the hydraulic fluid.  Excessive aeration causes the fluid to appear milky and components to operate erratically because of the compressibility of the air trapped in the fluid.

Aerial logging:
A logging system which fully suspends the logs such as done by helicopters or balloons. Not to be confused with cable systems which use cables and supports.

Aerial logging:
A logging system which fully suspends the logs such as done by helicopters or balloons. Not to be confused with cable systems which use cables and supports.

Aerial Magnetometer:
An instrument (magnetometer) housed in an aircraft or towed behind it which measures the earth's magnetic field.

Aerial Magnetometer:
An instrument (magnetometer) housed in an aircraft or towed behind it which measures the earth's magnetic field.

Aerial Survey:
A survey made from an aircraft with the purpose of taking photographs or measuring magnetic properties, radioactivity, etc.

Aerial Survey:
A survey made from an aircraft with the purpose of taking photographs or measuring magnetic properties, radioactivity, etc.

Aerobic:
Requiring oxygen.

Aerobic:
Requiring oxygen.

Aeromagnetic Survey:
A geophysical survey method to measure the strength of the earth magnetic field using a magnetometer aboard or towed behind an aircraft.

Aeromagnetic Survey:
A geophysical survey method to measure the strength of the earth magnetic field using a magnetometer aboard or towed behind an aircraft.

Aft:
The rear of the boat.

Aft:
The rear of the boat.

Aft cabin:
Sleeping quarters beneath the aft or rear section of the boat (sometimes called a mid cabin when located beneath the helm).

Aft cabin:
Sleeping quarters beneath the aft or rear section of the boat (sometimes called a mid cabin when located beneath the helm).

After damp:
The gas resulting from an explosion of coal dust or fire damp in a mine. Nearly always contains dangerous amounts of carbon monoxide.

After damp:
The gas resulting from an explosion of coal dust or fire damp in a mine. Nearly always contains dangerous amounts of carbon monoxide.

Ag:
Symbol for the element Silver.

Ag:
Symbol for the element Silver.

Age class:
Any interval into which the age range of trees, forests, stands or forest types is divided for classification and use. Forest inventories commonly group trees into 20-year age class groups.

Age class:
Any interval into which the age range of trees, forests, stands or forest types is divided for classification and use. Forest inventories commonly group trees into 20-year age class groups.

Agglomeration:
A process used to bind or cement crushed/ground rock particles together into larger pieces like pellets, which are easier to handle.

Agglomeration:
A process used to bind or cement crushed/ground rock particles together into larger pieces like pellets, which are easier to handle.

Agri-business:
The group of industries dealing with agricultural produce and services to agriculture.

Agri-business:
The group of industries dealing with agricultural produce and services to agriculture.

Agricultural Residue:
Plant parts, primarily stalks and leaves, not removed from the fields with the primary food or fiber product. Examples include corn stover (stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs); wheat straw; and rice straw.

Agricultural Residue:
Plant parts, primarily stalks and leaves, not removed from the fields with the primary food or fiber product. Examples include corn stover (stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs); wheat straw; and rice straw.

Agriculture:
Anything having to do with farming (raising crops or livestock for food, fibre or fur; or the industry which includes marketing, processing and trade in these products).

Agriculture:
Anything having to do with farming (raising crops or livestock for food, fibre or fur; or the industry which includes marketing, processing and trade in these products).

Air-dried:
Lumber that was dried by exposure to air in a yard or shed, without artificial heat.

Air-dried:
Lumber that was dried by exposure to air in a yard or shed, without artificial heat.

Air dry basis:
A parameter of stating the nutrient value of feed ingredients or feed that has naturally dried in the open air until it can not dry or dissipate any more moisture (usually around 10-12% moisture).

Air dry basis:
A parameter of stating the nutrient value of feed ingredients or feed that has naturally dried in the open air until it can not dry or dissipate any more moisture (usually around 10-12% moisture).

Airflow:
The pattern of air movement within a dry kiln.  This pattern varies with kiln design, loading methods, and level of maintenance and operation.

Airflow:
The pattern of air movement within a dry kiln.  This pattern varies with kiln design, loading methods, and level of maintenance and operation.

Air velocity:
The speed of airflow through the stickers, crossouts, and around the lumber expressed in feet per minute (fpm) or metres per second (mps).

Air velocity:
The speed of airflow through the stickers, crossouts, and around the lumber expressed in feet per minute (fpm) or metres per second (mps).

Alee:
The side of a boat or object away from the direction of the wind.

Alee:
The side of a boat or object away from the direction of the wind.

Alfalfa:
A valuable leguminous crop for forage or hay used in livestock feeding.

Alfalfa:
A valuable leguminous crop for forage or hay used in livestock feeding.

Allowable annual cut (AAC):
The volume of timber that may be harvested annually from a specific timber tenure.

Allowable annual cut (AAC):
The volume of timber that may be harvested annually from a specific timber tenure.

Allowable cut:
The amount of wood that can be removed from a landowner's property during a certain time span, without exceeding the net growth during that same time on the property

Allowable cut:
The amount of wood that can be removed from a landowner's property during a certain time span, without exceeding the net growth during that same time on the property

Alloy:
A mixture of two or more pure metals. Creates a metal with new qualities and properties.

Alloy:
A mixture of two or more pure metals. Creates a metal with new qualities and properties.

Alluvial gold:
Small particles (gold dust) or even nuggets, which are usually found on riverbeds or close to the surface when erosion or weathering has exposed deposits.

Alluvial gold:
Small particles (gold dust) or even nuggets, which are usually found on riverbeds or close to the surface when erosion or weathering has exposed deposits.

Aloft:
Above deck in the rigging.

Aloft:
Above deck in the rigging.

Along the grain:
The direction parallel with the length of the fibres and other longitudinal elements of the wood.

Along the grain:
The direction parallel with the length of the fibres and other longitudinal elements of the wood.

Alternate top bevel:
A design for a circular saw blade where teeth are alternately beveled.

Alternate top bevel:
A design for a circular saw blade where teeth are alternately beveled.

Aluminium fish boat:
Small, lightweight, durable trailer boat constructed of aluminums that is either welded or riveted; generally used for freshwater fishing.

Aluminium fish boat:
Small, lightweight, durable trailer boat constructed of aluminums that is either welded or riveted; generally used for freshwater fishing.

Amalgamation:
The process of extraction alluvial gold using mercury to form an amalgan.

Amalgamation:
The process of extraction alluvial gold using mercury to form an amalgan.

American Lumber Standards:
Provisions for softwood lumber dealing with recognized classification, nomenclature, basic grades, sizes, descriptions, measurements, tally shipping, provisions, grade marking, and inspection of lumber.  The primary purpose of these standards is to serve as a guide in preparing or revising grading rules of the various lumber manufacturers' associations.  A purchaser must, however, make use of association rules because the basic standards are not in themselves commercial rules.

American Lumber Standards:
Provisions for softwood lumber dealing with recognized classification, nomenclature, basic grades, sizes, descriptions, measurements, tally shipping, provisions, grade marking, and inspection of lumber.  The primary purpose of these standards is to serve as a guide in preparing or revising grading rules of the various lumber manufacturers' associations.  A purchaser must, however, make use of association rules because the basic standards are not in themselves commercial rules.

Amidship:
Center section of a boat.

Amidship:
Center section of a boat.

Amino acids:
Building blocks of protein, linked together by peptide bonds. The quality of a protein, in terms of its value as an animal feed, depends upon its content of essential amino acids.

Amino acids:
Building blocks of protein, linked together by peptide bonds. The quality of a protein, in terms of its value as an animal feed, depends upon its content of essential amino acids.

Amplifier:
A device for amplifying the error signal sufficiently to cause actuation of the stroke control.  Several types of servo amplifiers are used at the present time: electronic (DC, AC, phase sensitive, and magnetic) and mechanical.

Amplifier:
A device for amplifying the error signal sufficiently to cause actuation of the stroke control.  Several types of servo amplifiers are used at the present time: electronic (DC, AC, phase sensitive, and magnetic) and mechanical.

Amplifier:
A device for amplifying the error signal sufficiently to cause actuation of the stroke control.  Several types of servo amplifiers are used at the present time: electronic (DC, AC, phase sensitive, and magnetic) and mechanical.

Amplifier:
A device for amplifying the error signal sufficiently to cause actuation of the stroke control.  Several types of servo amplifiers are used at the present time: electronic (DC, AC, phase sensitive, and magnetic) and mechanical.

Amplifier:
A device for amplifying the error signal sufficiently to cause actuation of the stroke control.  Several types of servo amplifiers are used at the present time: electronic (DC, AC, phase sensitive, and magnetic) and mechanical.

Amplitude of sound:
The loudness of a sound.

Amplitude of sound:
The loudness of a sound.

Amplitude of sound:
The loudness of a sound.

Amplitude of sound:
The loudness of a sound.

Amplitude of sound:
The loudness of a sound.

Anaerobic:
Without oxygen.

Anaerobic:
Without oxygen.

Anaerobic digestion:
Decomposition of biological wastes by micro-organisms, usually under wet conditions, in the absence of air (oxygen), to produce a gas comprising mostly methane and carbon dioxide.

Anaerobic digestion:
Decomposition of biological wastes by micro-organisms, usually under wet conditions, in the absence of air (oxygen), to produce a gas comprising mostly methane and carbon dioxide.

Analog:
A continuous range of numbers or values.

Analog:
A continuous range of numbers or values.

Analog:
A continuous range of numbers or values.

Analog:
A continuous range of numbers or values.

Analog:
A continuous range of numbers or values.

Analog:
A continuous range of numbers or values.

Anchorage:
A location intended or suited for anchoring.

Anchorage:
A location intended or suited for anchoring.

ANFO:
Acronym for ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, a mixture used as a blasting agent in many mines.

ANFO:
Acronym for ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, a mixture used as a blasting agent in many mines.

Angle of repose:
The maximum angle measured in degrees at which a granular material retains its slope.

Angle of repose:
The maximum angle measured in degrees at which a granular material retains its slope.

Angle of repose:
The maximum angle measured in degrees at which a granular material retains its slope.

Animal by-products:
As raw material these are all the animal tissues from the livestock industry which are not for direct use as human food. After rendering, for example, they become products such as meat and bone meal (MBM), blood meal, tallow and animal fats.

Animal by-products:
As raw material these are all the animal tissues from the livestock industry which are not for direct use as human food. After rendering, for example, they become products such as meat and bone meal (MBM), blood meal, tallow and animal fats.

Animal feed (Agrifeed):
Edible material that provides nourishment in the form of energy and for building tissues. Contributes to the normal physiological function and metabolic homeostasis of an organism, by the oral provision of nutrients to any kind or class of animal.

Animal feed (Agrifeed):
Edible material that provides nourishment in the form of energy and for building tissues. Contributes to the normal physiological function and metabolic homeostasis of an organism, by the oral provision of nutrients to any kind or class of animal.

Animal nutrition:
The science of dietary foods for animals, providing the basis on which to formulate a complete and balanced food intake in accordance with the animal's needs.

Animal nutrition:
The science of dietary foods for animals, providing the basis on which to formulate a complete and balanced food intake in accordance with the animal's needs.

Animal unit:
A standard measure based on feed requirements, used to combine various classes of livestock according to size, weight, age and use.

Animal unit:
A standard measure based on feed requirements, used to combine various classes of livestock according to size, weight, age and use.

Anisotropic:
Exhibiting different properties when measured along different axes.  In general, fibrous materials such as wood are anisotropic.

Anisotropic:
Exhibiting different properties when measured along different axes.  In general, fibrous materials such as wood are anisotropic.

Anisotropic:
Exhibiting different properties when measured along different axes.  In general, fibrous materials such as wood are anisotropic.

Anisotropic:
Exhibiting different properties when measured along different axes.  In general, fibrous materials such as wood are anisotropic.

Anisotropic:
Exhibiting different properties when measured along different axes.  In general, fibrous materials such as wood are anisotropic.

Annual growth:
Layer of wood developed by a tree during a given year; same as annual or seasonal increment.

Annual growth:
Layer of wood developed by a tree during a given year; same as annual or seasonal increment.

Annual growth rings:
The layer of growth that a tree puts on in one year. The annual growth rings can be seen in the end grain of lumber.

Annual growth rings:
The layer of growth that a tree puts on in one year. The annual growth rings can be seen in the end grain of lumber.

Annular area:
A ring shaped area - often refers to the net effective area of the rod side of a cylinder piston, i.e., the piston area minus the cross-sectional area of the rod.

Annular area:
A ring shaped area - often refers to the net effective area of the rod side of a cylinder piston, i.e., the piston area minus the cross-sectional area of the rod.

Annular area:
A ring shaped area - often refers to the net effective area of the rod side of a cylinder piston, i.e., the piston area minus the cross-sectional area of the rod.

Annular area:
A ring shaped area - often refers to the net effective area of the rod side of a cylinder piston, i.e., the piston area minus the cross-sectional area of the rod.

Annular area:
A ring shaped area - often refers to the net effective area of the rod side of a cylinder piston, i.e., the piston area minus the cross-sectional area of the rod.

Anode:
A rectangular metal plate used in the electrolytic process of mineral refining.

Anode:
A rectangular metal plate used in the electrolytic process of mineral refining.

Anomaly:
A departure from normal conditions which could indicate the presence of mineralization in the underlying bedrock.

Anomaly:
A departure from normal conditions which could indicate the presence of mineralization in the underlying bedrock.

Antibiotics:
Substances produced by living organisms, such as molds, which inhibit the growth or reproduction of other bacteria or kill them. Added to animal feed to help prevent the spread of diseases when animals are kept in crowded conditions, and because animals which take antibiotics grow more rapidly.

Antibiotics:
Substances produced by living organisms, such as molds, which inhibit the growth or reproduction of other bacteria or kill them. Added to animal feed to help prevent the spread of diseases when animals are kept in crowded conditions, and because animals which take antibiotics grow more rapidly.

Anti-fouling paint:
A special paint applied to a boat's hull to prevent marine growth.

Anti-fouling paint:
A special paint applied to a boat's hull to prevent marine growth.

Antimicrobial:
An agent that kills bacteria or suppresses their multiplication or growth, including antibiotics and synthetic agents.

Antimicrobial:
An agent that kills bacteria or suppresses their multiplication or growth, including antibiotics and synthetic agents.

Anti-sap stain:
A wood treatment used to prevent fungus from staining the wood.

Anti-sap stain:
A wood treatment used to prevent fungus from staining the wood.

Anvil (swage):
The fixed jaw in a swaging device that supports the back of the tooth while the die or roller presses against the front of the tooth.

Anvil (swage):
The fixed jaw in a swaging device that supports the back of the tooth while the die or roller presses against the front of the tooth.

Apparent wind:
The direction and velocity of wind as felt in a moving boat.

Apparent wind:
The direction and velocity of wind as felt in a moving boat.

Appearance grades:
High-line regular board and dimension grades that include tighter restrictions on certain appearance characteristics, particularly wane.

Appearance grades:
High-line regular board and dimension grades that include tighter restrictions on certain appearance characteristics, particularly wane.

Aquaculture:
The farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants with some sort of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.

Aquaculture:
The farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants with some sort of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.

Aquatic Plants:
The wide variety of aquatic biomass resources, such as algae, giant kelp, other seaweed, and water hyacinth. Certain microalgae can produce hydrogen and oxygen while others manufacture hydrocarbons and a host of other products. Microalgae examples include Chlorella, Dunaliella, and Euglena.

Aquatic Plants:
The wide variety of aquatic biomass resources, such as algae, giant kelp, other seaweed, and water hyacinth. Certain microalgae can produce hydrogen and oxygen while others manufacture hydrocarbons and a host of other products. Microalgae examples include Chlorella, Dunaliella, and Euglena.

Arbor:
The shaft on which a circular saw blade or chip head is mounted.

Arbor:
The shaft on which a circular saw blade or chip head is mounted.

As fed basis:
Weight of the feed or ingredient before drying (including moisture content).  Also referred to by the terms: as-fed, as-is or as-received.

As fed basis:
Weight of the feed or ingredient before drying (including moisture content).  Also referred to by the terms: as-fed, as-is or as-received.

Assay:
The process of testing samples of ores or minerals to determine the amount and purity of valuable metals contained within.

Assay:
The process of testing samples of ores or minerals to determine the amount and purity of valuable metals contained within.

Astern:
The direction toward or beyond the stern.

Astern:
The direction toward or beyond the stern.

Athwart:
Perpendicular to a boat's centerline.

Athwart:
Perpendicular to a boat's centerline.

Atmospheric pressure:
Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any specific location.  (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.)

Atmospheric pressure:
Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any specific location.  (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.)

Atmospheric pressure:
Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any specific location.  (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.)

Atmospheric pressure:
Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any specific location.  (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.)

Atmospheric pressure:
Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any specific location.  (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.)

Atmospheric pressure:
Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any specific location.  (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.)

Attrition:
The size reduction or loss of materials through friction and abrasion.

Attrition:
The size reduction or loss of materials through friction and abrasion.

Au:
Symbol for the element Gold.

Au:
Symbol for the element Gold.

Auger:
Rotating screw device used to bore, break and transport the material. Often used in coal mining with horizontal or slightly pitched seams.

Auger:
Rotating screw device used to bore, break and transport the material. Often used in coal mining with horizontal or slightly pitched seams.

Autoclave:
Cylindrical vessel used to subject materials to high pressure and temperature. Used at mines using hydrometallurgy mineral processing techniques.

Autoclave:
Cylindrical vessel used to subject materials to high pressure and temperature. Used at mines using hydrometallurgy mineral processing techniques.

Autoclave:
Cylindrical vessel used to subject materials to high pressure and temperature. Used at mines using hydrometallurgy mineral processing techniques.

Autogenous grinding:
Autogenous grinding involves the use of coarse ore particles as media. The predominant grinding mechanism is attrition (very little grinding is by impact).

Autogenous grinding:
Autogenous grinding involves the use of coarse ore particles as media. The predominant grinding mechanism is attrition (very little grinding is by impact).

Automation :
The process of controlling industrial production processes by computers or programmable logic-controllers (PLC) with a minimum of human involvement

Automation :
The process of controlling industrial production processes by computers or programmable logic-controllers (PLC) with a minimum of human involvement

Average daily gain:
Pounds (kg) of live weight gained per day.

Average daily gain:
Pounds (kg) of live weight gained per day.

Aweigh:
An anchor that is off the bottom.

Aweigh:
An anchor that is off the bottom.

Axial force:
A push (compression) or pull (tension) acting along the length of a member, expressed in kilonewtons (pounds).

Axial force:
A push (compression) or pull (tension) acting along the length of a member, expressed in kilonewtons (pounds).

Axial force:
A push (compression) or pull (tension) acting along the length of a member, expressed in kilonewtons (pounds).

Axial force:
A push (compression) or pull (tension) acting along the length of a member, expressed in kilonewtons (pounds).

Axial force:
A push (compression) or pull (tension) acting along the length of a member, expressed in kilonewtons (pounds).

Axial stress:
The axial force acting at a point along the length of a member divided by the cross-sectional area of a member, expressed in kilopascals (pounds per square inch).

Axial stress:
The axial force acting at a point along the length of a member divided by the cross-sectional area of a member, expressed in kilopascals (pounds per square inch).

Axial stress:
The axial force acting at a point along the length of a member divided by the cross-sectional area of a member, expressed in kilopascals (pounds per square inch).

Axial stress:
The axial force acting at a point along the length of a member divided by the cross-sectional area of a member, expressed in kilopascals (pounds per square inch).

Axial stress:
The axial force acting at a point along the length of a member divided by the cross-sectional area of a member, expressed in kilopascals (pounds per square inch).

B20:
A mixture of 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel based on volume.

B20:
A mixture of 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel based on volume.

Back clearance:
The angle between the back of a tooth and a tangent of the circumference or cutting circle.  Same as Clearance angle.

Back clearance:
The angle between the back of a tooth and a tangent of the circumference or cutting circle.  Same as Clearance angle.

Back connected:
A condition where pipe connections are on normally unexposed surfaces of hydraulic equipment.  (Gasket mounted units are back connected.)

Back connected:
A condition where pipe connections are on normally unexposed surfaces of hydraulic equipment.  (Gasket mounted units are back connected.)

Back connected:
A condition where pipe connections are on normally unexposed surfaces of hydraulic equipment.  (Gasket mounted units are back connected.)

Back connected:
A condition where pipe connections are on normally unexposed surfaces of hydraulic equipment.  (Gasket mounted units are back connected.)

Back connected:
A condition where pipe connections are on normally unexposed surfaces of hydraulic equipment.  (Gasket mounted units are back connected.)

Backcut:
The final cut in felling a tree by hand, made on the side opposite the intended direction of fall, after the undercut.

Backcut:
The final cut in felling a tree by hand, made on the side opposite the intended direction of fall, after the undercut.

Backfill:
A process whereby mine waste is used to fill a void created by mining out an orebody.

Backfill:
A process whereby mine waste is used to fill a void created by mining out an orebody.

Backgrounding:
Growing program for feeder cattle from the time calves are weaned until they are on a finishing ration in the feedlot. Backgrounding is the management process of feeding the stocker animal.

Backgrounding:
Growing program for feeder cattle from the time calves are weaned until they are on a finishing ration in the feedlot. Backgrounding is the management process of feeding the stocker animal.

Backhaul:
A delivery by tractor-trailer originates from where the trailer is loaded, the load is delivered to a destination, then the trucker returns home. If the return is also a paying load to be delivered to the vicinity of the trucker's home, that load is called a backhaul. If the trucker returns home empty, that run is called a "deadhead".

Backhaul:
A delivery by tractor-trailer originates from where the trailer is loaded, the load is delivered to a destination, then the trucker returns home. If the return is also a paying load to be delivered to the vicinity of the trucker's home, that load is called a backhaul. If the trucker returns home empty, that run is called a "deadhead".

Backing veneer:
The layer of veneer used on the reverse side of a piece of plywood from the face or decorative side.

Backing veneer:
The layer of veneer used on the reverse side of a piece of plywood from the face or decorative side.

Back pressure:
A pressure in series.  Usually refers to pressure existing on the discharge side of a load.  It adds to the pressure required to move the load.

Back pressure:
A pressure in series.  Usually refers to pressure existing on the discharge side of a load.  It adds to the pressure required to move the load.

Back pressure:
A pressure in series.  Usually refers to pressure existing on the discharge side of a load.  It adds to the pressure required to move the load.

Back pressure:
A pressure in series.  Usually refers to pressure existing on the discharge side of a load.  It adds to the pressure required to move the load.

Back pressure:
A pressure in series.  Usually refers to pressure existing on the discharge side of a load.  It adds to the pressure required to move the load.

Backrest:
A wood bench opposite the tensioner, used to support a circular saw when checking tension.

Backrest:
A wood bench opposite the tensioner, used to support a circular saw when checking tension.

Backstay:
A support for the mast to keep it from falling forward.

Backstay:
A support for the mast to keep it from falling forward.

Bacteria:
A small single-cell organism. Bacteria do not have an organized nucleus, but they do have a cell membrane and protective cell wall. Bacteria can be used to ferment sugars to ethanol.

Bacteria:
A small single-cell organism. Bacteria do not have an organized nucleus, but they do have a cell membrane and protective cell wall. Bacteria can be used to ferment sugars to ethanol.

Bacterial leaching:
A bio hydrometallurgical process that uses bacteria (microorganisms) to extract metals from ore. The bacteria catalyse the oxidation of sulphite ore. Used in gold and copper mining.

Bacterial leaching:
A bio hydrometallurgical process that uses bacteria (microorganisms) to extract metals from ore. The bacteria catalyse the oxidation of sulphite ore. Used in gold and copper mining.

Baffle:
1.  A barrier in a dry kiln used to deflect and control airflow through the lumber.
2.  A device, usually a plate, installed in a reservoir to separate the pump inlet from return lines.

Baffle:
1.  A barrier in a dry kiln used to deflect and control airflow through the lumber.
2.  A device, usually a plate, installed in a reservoir to separate the pump inlet from return lines.

Baffle, end:
A hinged baffle in a dry kiln that closes the gap at the end of the lumber next to the doors.

Baffle, end:
A hinged baffle in a dry kiln that closes the gap at the end of the lumber next to the doors.

Baffle, floor:
A hinged or stationary baffle in a dry kiln that closes the gap at the bottom of the lumber unit, preventing air from escaping under the load.

Baffle, floor:
A hinged or stationary baffle in a dry kiln that closes the gap at the bottom of the lumber unit, preventing air from escaping under the load.

Baffle, overhead:
A hinged baffle in a dry kiln that closes the gap between the overhead fan deck and the top of the lumber load.

Baffle, overhead:
A hinged baffle in a dry kiln that closes the gap between the overhead fan deck and the top of the lumber load.

Baghouse:
An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.

Baghouse:
An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.

Baghouse:
An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.

Baghouse:
An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.

Baghouse dust collector:
An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.

Baghouse dust collector:
An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.

Bail:
To remove water with a bucket or pump. Also, a component that controls fishing line on a spinning reel.

Bail:
To remove water with a bucket or pump. Also, a component that controls fishing line on a spinning reel.

Bait station:
Area on a fishing boat for preparing bait.

Bait station:
Area on a fishing boat for preparing bait.

Bait well :
Compartment on a fishing boat for holding live bait, usually with a pump to circulate the water and an aerator to provide oxygen.

Bait well :
Compartment on a fishing boat for holding live bait, usually with a pump to circulate the water and an aerator to provide oxygen.

Balanced ration:
To be balanced a ration must contain the 5 essential elements - water, protein, energy, vitamins and minerals in the proper amount and ratios for the species being fed.

Balanced ration:
To be balanced a ration must contain the 5 essential elements - water, protein, energy, vitamins and minerals in the proper amount and ratios for the species being fed.

Ballast:
Weight added to the bottom of a boat to improve stability.

Ballast:
Weight added to the bottom of a boat to improve stability.

Ball mill:
Large rotating cylinder filled with metal balls that is used to break ore into smaller pieces.

Ball mill:
Large rotating cylinder filled with metal balls that is used to break ore into smaller pieces.

Band saw:
A saw made from steel, butt welded into an endless belt or band with teeth on one or both edges arranged to cut sequentially.

Band saw:
A saw made from steel, butt welded into an endless belt or band with teeth on one or both edges arranged to cut sequentially.

Band sawmill:
An evolution in sawmill technology that uses a thinner band saw blade (less kerf therefore less sawdust waste) than a circular saw. A bandsaw can also have teeth on both sides that allows cuts to be made in two directions instead of just one, improving efficiency and productivity.

Band sawmill:
An evolution in sawmill technology that uses a thinner band saw blade (less kerf therefore less sawdust waste) than a circular saw. A bandsaw can also have teeth on both sides that allows cuts to be made in two directions instead of just one, improving efficiency and productivity.

Barberchair:
A vertical split in a tree, generally caused by an insufficient undercut or by neglecting to cut the sapwood on both sides of a heavy leaning tree before felling. Results in a stump which looks like a high-backed chair. Very dangerous to the faller.

Barberchair:
A vertical split in a tree, generally caused by an insufficient undercut or by neglecting to cut the sapwood on both sides of a heavy leaning tree before felling. Results in a stump which looks like a high-backed chair. Very dangerous to the faller.

Bark:
The outermost, protective layer, of a tree.

Bark:
The outermost, protective layer, of a tree.

Bark pocket:
A small area of bark around which normal wood has grown; an opening between annual growth rings that contains bark. Bark pockets appear as dark streaks on radial surfaces and as rounded areas on tangential surfaces.

Bark pocket:
A small area of bark around which normal wood has grown; an opening between annual growth rings that contains bark. Bark pockets appear as dark streaks on radial surfaces and as rounded areas on tangential surfaces.

Barley:
A cereal crop grown mainly for malting and as an animal feed.

Barley:
A cereal crop grown mainly for malting and as an animal feed.

Barn poles:
Roundwood used for highway sign posts.

Barn poles:
Roundwood used for highway sign posts.

Bar or blade:
That part of the chainsaw upon which the cutting chain moves.

Bar or blade:
That part of the chainsaw upon which the cutting chain moves.

Barrel of oil equivalent (boe):
The amount of energy contained in a barrel of crude oil, i.e. approximately 6.1 GJ (5.8 million Btu), equivalent to 1,700 kWh. A "petroleum barrel" is a liquid measure equal to 42 U.S. gallons (35 Imperial gallons or 159 liters); about 7.2 barrels are equivalent to one tonne of oil (metric).

Barrel of oil equivalent (boe):
The amount of energy contained in a barrel of crude oil, i.e. approximately 6.1 GJ (5.8 million Btu), equivalent to 1,700 kWh. A "petroleum barrel" is a liquid measure equal to 42 U.S. gallons (35 Imperial gallons or 159 liters); about 7.2 barrels are equivalent to one tonne of oil (metric).

Barrier wrap:
Treated or untreated roundwood encased in a wrap for wood protection. Also keeps wood treatments from leaching into the surroundings.

Barrier wrap:
Treated or untreated roundwood encased in a wrap for wood protection. Also keeps wood treatments from leaching into the surroundings.

Basal area:
Cross sectional area of a tree, in square feet, measured at breast height. Used as a method of measuring the volume of timber in a given stand.

Basal area:
Cross sectional area of a tree, in square feet, measured at breast height. Used as a method of measuring the volume of timber in a given stand.

Base metal:
Typically a non precious metal such as: Copper, Aluminum, Nickel, Tin, Zinc and Lead.

Base metal:
Typically a non precious metal such as: Copper, Aluminum, Nickel, Tin, Zinc and Lead.

Base of tree:
That portion of a natural tree not more than three feet above ground level.

Base of tree:
That portion of a natural tree not more than three feet above ground level.

Basic rocks:
An igneous rock, relatively low in silica content and composed of mostly dark-colored minerals.

Basic rocks:
An igneous rock, relatively low in silica content and composed of mostly dark-colored minerals.

Basis weight:
1.  The weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a given standard size for that
     particular paper grade.
2.  For linerboard and corrugating medium, the weight of the paper per 1,000 sq. ft.

Basis weight:
1.  The weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a given standard size for that
     particular paper grade.
2.  For linerboard and corrugating medium, the weight of the paper per 1,000 sq. ft.

Bass boat:
Low-profile, outboard-powered boat, generally no more than 22 feet long and typically equipped with rod lockers, casting decks with pedestal seats and livewells.

Bass boat:
Low-profile, outboard-powered boat, generally no more than 22 feet long and typically equipped with rod lockers, casting decks with pedestal seats and livewells.

Batch rendering:
The traditional method of rendering whereby discrete quantities of shredded raw animal by-products are cooked/dried in a closed vessel, either under pressure or, more normally under atmospheric conditions

Batch rendering:
The traditional method of rendering whereby discrete quantities of shredded raw animal by-products are cooked/dried in a closed vessel, either under pressure or, more normally under atmospheric conditions

Battery:
An early method of crushing gold ore. Heavy iron pestles are continuously dropped into a trough containing water and the ore until it is fine enough to filter through screens.. Also called a stamp battery or stamp mill.

Battery:
An early method of crushing gold ore. Heavy iron pestles are continuously dropped into a trough containing water and the ore until it is fine enough to filter through screens.. Also called a stamp battery or stamp mill.

Baud rate:
The speed at which data is transmitted and received over serial communication lines.  The equipment on both sides of the communications line must be set up to send and receive data at the same rate.

Baud rate:
The speed at which data is transmitted and received over serial communication lines.  The equipment on both sides of the communications line must be set up to send and receive data at the same rate.

Bauxite:
A rock made up of hydrous aluminium oxides. The most common aluminum ore.

Bauxite:
A rock made up of hydrous aluminium oxides. The most common aluminum ore.

BCTMP:
Bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp.

BCTMP:
Bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp.

Beam:
Measurement of a boat at its widest point.

Beam:
Measurement of a boat at its widest point.

Beam:
Measurement of a boat at its widest point.

Bearing:
Direction to an object.

Bearing:
Direction to an object.

Bearings:
A part on which the arbor, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves.

Bearings:
A part on which the arbor, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves.

Bearings:
A part on which the arbor, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves.

Bearings:
A part on which the arbor, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves.

Bearings:
A part on which the arbor, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves.

Bearings:
A part on which the arbor, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves.

Bear off :
To turn away from the wind.

Bear off :
To turn away from the wind.

Beating:
Sailing upwind.

Beating:
Sailing upwind.

Bedrock:
Solid rock forming the Earth's crust, frequently covered by soil or water.

Bedrock:
Solid rock forming the Earth's crust, frequently covered by soil or water.

Beehive burner:
A wood waste incinerator.

Beehive burner:
A wood waste incinerator.

Beets:
Typically for human consumption, however varieties of beets (Beta vulgaris) have been developed specifically to provide feed for cattle.

Beets:
Typically for human consumption, however varieties of beets (Beta vulgaris) have been developed specifically to provide feed for cattle.

Belt:
Part of the conveyor on which pieces of wood are displaced.

Belt:
Part of the conveyor on which pieces of wood are displaced.

Belt:
Part of the conveyor on which pieces of wood are displaced.

Belt:
Part of the conveyor on which pieces of wood are displaced.

Belt:
Part of the conveyor on which pieces of wood are displaced.

Belt conveyor:
A looped continuous belt on which material can be carried. Usually constructed of a rubber like substance riding over a pan or rollers shaped like a trough to hold the material in the center of the belt.

Belt conveyor:
A looped continuous belt on which material can be carried. Usually constructed of a rubber like substance riding over a pan or rollers shaped like a trough to hold the material in the center of the belt.

Benches:
Steps cut into the walls of an open pit mine. They provide working areas and a safe pit wall angle to be achieved.

Benches:
Steps cut into the walls of an open pit mine. They provide working areas and a safe pit wall angle to be achieved.

Bending strength:
A measure of the resistance of wood to an applied bending stress which is a combination of three primary stresses, i.e., compressive, tensile, and shear stresses.

Bending strength:
A measure of the resistance of wood to an applied bending stress which is a combination of three primary stresses, i.e., compressive, tensile, and shear stresses.

Beneficiation:
The treatment of mined material, making it more concentrated or richer.

Beneficiation:
The treatment of mined material, making it more concentrated or richer.

Berth:
A place to sleep aboard a boat. Also, a boat slip.

Berth:
A place to sleep aboard a boat. Also, a boat slip.

Bevel cut:
An angled cut through a board.

Bevel cut:
An angled cut through a board.

Big box stores:
Large, warehouse-type lumber and building material stores catering to do-it-yourself (DIY) shoppers. Home Depot and Lowes are examples.

Big box stores:
Large, warehouse-type lumber and building material stores catering to do-it-yourself (DIY) shoppers. Home Depot and Lowes are examples.

Bight:
A work area made hazardous by a line or equipment under tension.

Bight:
A work area made hazardous by a line or equipment under tension.

Bight:
A work area made hazardous by a line or equipment under tension.

Bight:
A work area made hazardous by a line or equipment under tension.

Bilge:
Lowest section inside a boat's hull where water collects.

Bilge:
Lowest section inside a boat's hull where water collects.

Bimini top:
A canvas cover over the helm or cockpit area.

Bimini top:
A canvas cover over the helm or cockpit area.

Biochemical conversion:
The use of fermentation or anaerobic digestion to produce fuels and chemicals from organic sources.

Biochemical conversion:
The use of fermentation or anaerobic digestion to produce fuels and chemicals from organic sources.

Biodegradable:
Something that breaks down to its component parts in the environment.

Biodegradable:
Something that breaks down to its component parts in the environment.

Biodegradable:
Something that breaks down to its component parts in the environment.

Biodegradable:
Something that breaks down to its component parts in the environment.

Bioenergy:
Useful, renewable energy produced from organic matter. The conversion of the complex carbohydrates in organic matter to energy. Organic matter may either be used directly as a fuel or processed into liquids and gases.

Bioenergy:
Useful, renewable energy produced from organic matter. The conversion of the complex carbohydrates in organic matter to energy. Organic matter may either be used directly as a fuel or processed into liquids and gases.

Biogas:
A combustible gas derived from decomposing biological waste under anaerobic conditions.

Biogas:
A combustible gas derived from decomposing biological waste under anaerobic conditions.

Biological leaching:
A bio hydrometallurgical process that uses bacteria (microorganisms) to extract metals from ore. The bacteria catalyse the oxidation of sulphite ore. Used in gold and copper mining.

Biological leaching:
A bio hydrometallurgical process that uses bacteria (microorganisms) to extract metals from ore. The bacteria catalyse the oxidation of sulphite ore. Used in gold and copper mining.

Biomass:
The quantity of biological matter of one or more species present on a unit area.  With respect to trees, biomass can be expressed in terms of various components (wood, bark, foliage, roots, etc.) of all trees on a unit area or of a single tree; biomass quantities of trees are commonly expressed on an oven-dry weight basis.

Biomass:
The quantity of biological matter of one or more species present on a unit area.  With respect to trees, biomass can be expressed in terms of various components (wood, bark, foliage, roots, etc.) of all trees on a unit area or of a single tree; biomass quantities of trees are commonly expressed on an oven-dry weight basis.

Biomass:
The quantity of biological matter of one or more species present on a unit area.  With respect to trees, biomass can be expressed in terms of various components (wood, bark, foliage, roots, etc.) of all trees on a unit area or of a single tree; biomass quantities of trees are commonly expressed on an oven-dry weight basis.

Biomass:
The quantity of biological matter of one or more species present on a unit area.  With respect to trees, biomass can be expressed in terms of various components (wood, bark, foliage, roots, etc.) of all trees on a unit area or of a single tree; biomass quantities of trees are commonly expressed on an oven-dry weight basis.

Biomass boiler:
Biomass boilers burn bark, sander dust and other wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.

Biomass boiler:
Biomass boilers burn bark, sander dust and other wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.

Biomass boiler:
Biomass boilers burn bark, sander dust and other wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.

Biomass boiler:
Biomass boilers burn bark, sander dust and other wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.

Biomass fuel:
Liquid, solid, or gaseous fuel produced by conversion of biomass. Examples include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn, charcoal or woodchips, and biogas from anaerobic decomposition of wastes.

Biomass fuel:
Liquid, solid, or gaseous fuel produced by conversion of biomass. Examples include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn, charcoal or woodchips, and biogas from anaerobic decomposition of wastes.

Biomass Processing Residues:
Byproducts from processing all forms of biomass that have significant energy potential. Because these residues are already collected at the point of processing, they can be convenient and relatively inexpensive sources of biomass for energy.

Biomass Processing Residues:
Byproducts from processing all forms of biomass that have significant energy potential. Because these residues are already collected at the point of processing, they can be convenient and relatively inexpensive sources of biomass for energy.

Biotechnology:
The use of technology, based on living systems, to develop processes and products for commercial, scientific, or other purposes. These include specific techniques of plant regeneration and gene manipulation and transfer (see also genetic engineering).

Biotechnology:
The use of technology, based on living systems, to develop processes and products for commercial, scientific, or other purposes. These include specific techniques of plant regeneration and gene manipulation and transfer (see also genetic engineering).

Bit:
The smallest unit of memory in a computer.  A bit is a single digit and can only have the values 0 or 1.  Bits are combined into words of memory.

Bit:
The smallest unit of memory in a computer.  A bit is a single digit and can only have the values 0 or 1.  Bits are combined into words of memory.

Bit:
The smallest unit of memory in a computer.  A bit is a single digit and can only have the values 0 or 1.  Bits are combined into words of memory.

Bit:
The smallest unit of memory in a computer.  A bit is a single digit and can only have the values 0 or 1.  Bits are combined into words of memory.

Bit:
The smallest unit of memory in a computer.  A bit is a single digit and can only have the values 0 or 1.  Bits are combined into words of memory.

Bit:
The smallest unit of memory in a computer.  A bit is a single digit and can only have the values 0 or 1.  Bits are combined into words of memory.

Bite (feed per tooth):
The depth of cut per tooth, inch.  In general, the formula is: bite = distance between teeth (in inches) times feed speed (in feet per minute) divided by saw velocity (in feet per minute).  More simply it is the distance the log or cant advances into the saw between successive teeth.

Bite (feed per tooth):
The depth of cut per tooth, inch.  In general, the formula is: bite = distance between teeth (in inches) times feed speed (in feet per minute) divided by saw velocity (in feet per minute).  More simply it is the distance the log or cant advances into the saw between successive teeth.

Black damp:
A mixture of unbreathable gases including nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide and water vapour which displaces oxygen in the air to a level incapable of sustaining human or animal life. Also called stythe or choke damp.

Black damp:
A mixture of unbreathable gases including nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide and water vapour which displaces oxygen in the air to a level incapable of sustaining human or animal life. Also called stythe or choke damp.

Blast furnace:
A metallurgical furnace used for smelting ores. Iron ore is most commonly treated in this way, and so are some ores of copper, lead, etc.

Blast furnace:
A metallurgical furnace used for smelting ores. Iron ore is most commonly treated in this way, and so are some ores of copper, lead, etc.

Blasthole:
A hole drilled for the purpose of placing explosives and blasting.

Blasthole:
A hole drilled for the purpose of placing explosives and blasting.

Blasting:
Detonating explosives to loosen rock and ore for excavation.

Blasting:
Detonating explosives to loosen rock and ore for excavation.

Blasting agent:
A material that has a mixture of a fuel and oxidizer. Normally refers to a relatively insensitive mixture such as ANFO, watergel or emulsion explosive.

Blasting agent:
A material that has a mixture of a fuel and oxidizer. Normally refers to a relatively insensitive mixture such as ANFO, watergel or emulsion explosive.

Blasting cap:
A detonator containing a charge of detonating compound, which is ignited by electric current or the spark of a fuse.

Blasting cap:
A detonator containing a charge of detonating compound, which is ignited by electric current or the spark of a fuse.

Bleaching, pulp:
The process of removing residual lignin from pulp to improve the brightness and strength.

Bleaching, pulp:
The process of removing residual lignin from pulp to improve the brightness and strength.

Bleed-off:
To divert a specific controllable portion of hydraulic pump delivery directly to reservoir.

Bleed-off:
To divert a specific controllable portion of hydraulic pump delivery directly to reservoir.

Bleed-off:
To divert a specific controllable portion of hydraulic pump delivery directly to reservoir.

Bleed-off:
To divert a specific controllable portion of hydraulic pump delivery directly to reservoir.

Bleed-off:
To divert a specific controllable portion of hydraulic pump delivery directly to reservoir.

Block caving:
A method of mining where large blocks of ore are undercut which cause it to break or cave in under its own weight. An inexpensive method used when mining ore bodies with a consistent grade.

Block caving:
A method of mining where large blocks of ore are undercut which cause it to break or cave in under its own weight. An inexpensive method used when mining ore bodies with a consistent grade.

Blood Meal:
The dried and powdered blood of animals, used in animal feeds and as a nitrogen-rich fertilizer for plants. Usually comes from cattle as a slaughterhouse by-product.

Blood Meal:
The dried and powdered blood of animals, used in animal feeds and as a nitrogen-rich fertilizer for plants. Usually comes from cattle as a slaughterhouse by-product.

Blow down:
Tree or trees felled by wind. Also known as Windfall.

Blow down:
Tree or trees felled by wind. Also known as Windfall.

Blue stain:
A bluish or dim-grayish discoloration of the sapwood caused by the growth of certain dark-colored fungi on the surface and in the interior of the wood, made possible by the same conditions that favor the growth of other fungi. Also known as Sap stain or Sapwood stain.

Blue stain:
A bluish or dim-grayish discoloration of the sapwood caused by the growth of certain dark-colored fungi on the surface and in the interior of the wood, made possible by the same conditions that favor the growth of other fungi. Also known as Sap stain or Sapwood stain.

Board:
Lumber that is nominally less than two inches thick and two inches or more wide.

Board:
Lumber that is nominally less than two inches thick and two inches or more wide.

Board edger:
Machine centre for removing the wane from the sides of flitches.

Board edger:
Machine centre for removing the wane from the sides of flitches.

Board foot:
A unit of measurement of lumber represented by a board 1 foot long, 12 inches wide, and 1 inch thick or its metric equivalent.  In practice, the board foot calculation for lumber 1 inch or more in thickness is based on its nominal thickness and width and the actual length.  Lumber with a nominal thickness of less than 1 inch is calculated as 1 inch.

Board foot:
A unit of measurement of lumber represented by a board 1 foot long, 12 inches wide, and 1 inch thick or its metric equivalent.  In practice, the board foot calculation for lumber 1 inch or more in thickness is based on its nominal thickness and width and the actual length.  Lumber with a nominal thickness of less than 1 inch is calculated as 1 inch.

Boiler:
Steam generation equipment.

Boiler:
Steam generation equipment.

Boiler:
Steam generation equipment.

Boiler:
Steam generation equipment.

Boiler:
Steam generation equipment.

Bolt:
A short section of a tree trunk.  In veneer production, a short log of a length suitable for peeling in a lathe.

Bolt:
A short section of a tree trunk.  In veneer production, a short log of a length suitable for peeling in a lathe.

Bolt circle:
A circle scribed around the arbor hole of a circle saw which has one or more holes laid out to receive bolts.

Bolt circle:
A circle scribed around the arbor hole of a circle saw which has one or more holes laid out to receive bolts.

Bond strength:
The unit load applied in tension, compression, flexure, cleavage, or shear, required to break an adhesive assembly, with failure occurring in or near the plane of the bond.

Bond strength:
The unit load applied in tension, compression, flexure, cleavage, or shear, required to break an adhesive assembly, with failure occurring in or near the plane of the bond.

Bond strength:
The unit load applied in tension, compression, flexure, cleavage, or shear, required to break an adhesive assembly, with failure occurring in or near the plane of the bond.

Bond strength:
The unit load applied in tension, compression, flexure, cleavage, or shear, required to break an adhesive assembly, with failure occurring in or near the plane of the bond.

Bond strength:
The unit load applied in tension, compression, flexure, cleavage, or shear, required to break an adhesive assembly, with failure occurring in or near the plane of the bond.

Bone-dry ton (BDT):
Material that weighs 2,000 pounds at zero percent moisture content. Also known as an Ovendry ton or Bone Dry Metric Ton.

Bone-dry ton (BDT):
Material that weighs 2,000 pounds at zero percent moisture content. Also known as an Ovendry ton or Bone Dry Metric Ton.

Bone-dry ton (BDT):
Material that weighs 2,000 pounds at zero percent moisture content. Also known as an Ovendry ton or Bone Dry Metric Ton.

Bone-dry ton (BDT):
Material that weighs 2,000 pounds at zero percent moisture content. Also known as an Ovendry ton or Bone Dry Metric Ton.

Bone-dry unit (BDU):
A quantity of wood residue that would weigh 2,400 pounds at zero percent moisture content.

Bone-dry unit (BDU):
A quantity of wood residue that would weigh 2,400 pounds at zero percent moisture content.

Bone-dry unit (BDU):
A quantity of wood residue that would weigh 2,400 pounds at zero percent moisture content.

Bone-dry unit (BDU):
A quantity of wood residue that would weigh 2,400 pounds at zero percent moisture content.

Bone Meal:
Bone meal is a white powder made by grinding either raw or steamed animal bones.  A product of the rendering industry that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and in animal feed. In most parts of the world, bone meal is no longer allowed in feed for ruminant animals (fear of spread of BSE, mad cow disease).

Bone Meal:
Bone meal is a white powder made by grinding either raw or steamed animal bones.  A product of the rendering industry that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and in animal feed. In most parts of the world, bone meal is no longer allowed in feed for ruminant animals (fear of spread of BSE, mad cow disease).

Boom:
A spar attached to a sail at its foot.

Boom:
A spar attached to a sail at its foot.

Boom:
A spar attached to a sail at its foot.

Boomboat:
Any boat used to push or pull logs, boom, bundles, or bags, in booming ground operations.

Boomboat:
Any boat used to push or pull logs, boom, bundles, or bags, in booming ground operations.

Borehole:
A small diameter hole created when recovering a core for geological information. Also a hole used to plant explosives.

Borehole:
A small diameter hole created when recovering a core for geological information. Also a hole used to plant explosives.

Boring:
Drilling holes into hard rock or driving a tunnel with a tunnel boring machine.

Boring:
Drilling holes into hard rock or driving a tunnel with a tunnel boring machine.

Bottoming cycle:
A cogeneration system in which steam is used first for process heat and then for electric power production.

Bottoming cycle:
A cogeneration system in which steam is used first for process heat and then for electric power production.

Bound moisture:
Moisture which is closely bound to the cell wall constituents of wood.

Bound moisture:
Moisture which is closely bound to the cell wall constituents of wood.

Bound water:
Water that is bound within the cell wall of wood.  Water held in wood below the fiber saturation point.  Bound water moves by diffusion.

Bound water:
Water that is bound within the cell wall of wood.  Water held in wood below the fiber saturation point.  Bound water moves by diffusion.

Bow:
Forward portion of a boat.

Bow:
Forward portion of a boat.

Bow:
Forward portion of a boat.

Bow eye:
A stainless steel U-bolt on a boat's bow stem used to secure tow lines or trailer winch hooks

Bow eye:
A stainless steel U-bolt on a boat's bow stem used to secure tow lines or trailer winch hooks

Bowrider:
A runabout boat with open-bow seating.

Bowrider:
A runabout boat with open-bow seating.

Bowsprit:
A spar extending forward of the bow on a sailboat.

Bowsprit:
A spar extending forward of the bow on a sailboat.

Bow stop:
Rubber blocks on a boat trailer into which the boat's stem rests.

Bow stop:
Rubber blocks on a boat trailer into which the boat's stem rests.

Braze:
As in welding, a method of adhering or soldering carbide or other hard metal teeth inserts, or joining pieces of metal.

Braze:
As in welding, a method of adhering or soldering carbide or other hard metal teeth inserts, or joining pieces of metal.

Braze:
As in welding, a method of adhering or soldering carbide or other hard metal teeth inserts, or joining pieces of metal.

Braze:
As in welding, a method of adhering or soldering carbide or other hard metal teeth inserts, or joining pieces of metal.

Braze:
As in welding, a method of adhering or soldering carbide or other hard metal teeth inserts, or joining pieces of metal.

Breakaway lanyard:
Emergency safety cable on a boat trailer that activates trailer brakes in the event the trailer comes detached from the tow vehicle while underway.

Breakaway lanyard:
Emergency safety cable on a boat trailer that activates trailer brakes in the event the trailer comes detached from the tow vehicle while underway.

Breaker:
Slang term for a rock crusher.

Breaker:
Slang term for a rock crusher.

Breather:
A device which permits air to move in and out of a container or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.

Breather:
A device which permits air to move in and out of a container or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.

Breather:
A device which permits air to move in and out of a container or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.

Breather:
A device which permits air to move in and out of a container or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.

Breather:
A device which permits air to move in and out of a container or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.

Bridge carrier:
A mobile conveyor mounted on rubber tires. Used as an intermediary between a mining machine and room/entry conveyor.

Bridge carrier:
A mobile conveyor mounted on rubber tires. Used as an intermediary between a mining machine and room/entry conveyor.

Bridge clearance:
Distance from waterline to a boat's highest point.

Bridge clearance:
Distance from waterline to a boat's highest point.

British thermal unit (Btu):
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

British thermal unit (Btu):
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

British thermal unit (Btu):
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

British thermal unit (Btu):
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

British thermal unit (Btu):
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

Broad-leaved trees:
Trees which shed their leaves in the autumn. Most broadleaved or deciduous trees are hardwoods and have broad leaves.

Broad-leaved trees:
Trees which shed their leaves in the autumn. Most broadleaved or deciduous trees are hardwoods and have broad leaves.

Broken reserves:
Ore that has been broken by blasting inside the mine, but has not yet been transported to the surface.

Broken reserves:
Ore that has been broken by blasting inside the mine, but has not yet been transported to the surface.

Brow log:
A log or a suitable substitute placed parallel to any roadway at a landing or dump to protect the carrier and facilitate the safe loading or unloading of logs, timber products, or materials.

Brow log:
A log or a suitable substitute placed parallel to any roadway at a landing or dump to protect the carrier and facilitate the safe loading or unloading of logs, timber products, or materials.

Brown rot:
Any decay in wood in which the attack is confined to the cellulose and associated carbohydrates rather than the lignin, producing a light to dark brown friable residue - hence the term "dry rot". An advanced stage of brown rot where the wood splits along rectangular planes, in shrinking, is referred to as "cubical rot".

Brown rot:
Any decay in wood in which the attack is confined to the cellulose and associated carbohydrates rather than the lignin, producing a light to dark brown friable residue - hence the term "dry rot". An advanced stage of brown rot where the wood splits along rectangular planes, in shrinking, is referred to as "cubical rot".

Buck:
To saw felled trees into log lengths. Note: In some two person felling operations, one member may fall the tree and the other may limb and buck it. The second person is often called a "bucker". Usually the two members interchange the duties throughout the work day.

Buck:
To saw felled trees into log lengths. Note: In some two person felling operations, one member may fall the tree and the other may limb and buck it. The second person is often called a "bucker". Usually the two members interchange the duties throughout the work day.

Bucket line dredge:
A dredge that uses a chain of buckets to remove and lift gravels for further processing.

Bucket line dredge:
A dredge that uses a chain of buckets to remove and lift gravels for further processing.

Bucking:
Cross-cutting felled trees into logs or bolts.

Bucking:
Cross-cutting felled trees into logs or bolts.

Buckskin:
A log or tree with the bark fallen off.

Buckskin:
A log or tree with the bark fallen off.

Building poles:
Roundwood that is commonly used vertically as supports for structures.

Building poles:
Roundwood that is commonly used vertically as supports for structures.

Bulbs:
General term referring to the drybulb and wetbulb sensors within a kiln.

Bulbs:
General term referring to the drybulb and wetbulb sensors within a kiln.

Bulk density:
Factor used to convert between solid wood equivalent of processed wood such as chips, pulp, particleboard, and sawdust.  The solid wood equivalent volume is considered to have a bulk density factor of one.

Bulk density:
Factor used to convert between solid wood equivalent of processed wood such as chips, pulp, particleboard, and sawdust.  The solid wood equivalent volume is considered to have a bulk density factor of one.

Bulkhead:
Transverse wall in a boat that usually bears weight and supplies hull support.

Bulkhead:
Transverse wall in a boat that usually bears weight and supplies hull support.

Bulk mining:
Large scale, mechanized mining operation where thousands of tonnes of ore are brought to the surface on a daily basis.

Bulk mining:
Large scale, mechanized mining operation where thousands of tonnes of ore are brought to the surface on a daily basis.

Bulk sample:
A large sample of mineralized rock selected to provide information about the overall properties of an ore body. Often used to determine metallurgical characteristics.

Bulk sample:
A large sample of mineralized rock selected to provide information about the overall properties of an ore body. Often used to determine metallurgical characteristics.

Bunk:
To place the empty trailer of a logging truck on the tractor unit's bunk for the trip back to the landing.

Bunk:
To place the empty trailer of a logging truck on the tractor unit's bunk for the trip back to the landing.

Bunks:
Long carpeted sections of a boat trailer that support the boat's weight.

Bunks:
Long carpeted sections of a boat trailer that support the boat's weight.

Bunk support:
The horizontal kiln truck supports on which the lumber is placed for drying.

Bunk support:
The horizontal kiln truck supports on which the lumber is placed for drying.

Buoy:
An anchored floating object that serves as a navigation aid. Also used to mark a mooring spot.

Buoy:
An anchored floating object that serves as a navigation aid. Also used to mark a mooring spot.

Burl:
A swirl or twist in the grain of wood, usually occurring near a knot, but which itself does not contain a knot.  Valued as the source of highly-figured burl veneers used for ornamental purposes.

Burl:
A swirl or twist in the grain of wood, usually occurring near a knot, but which itself does not contain a knot.  Valued as the source of highly-figured burl veneers used for ornamental purposes.

Buteric silage:
Silage that is too wet and does not ferment properly.

Buteric silage:
Silage that is too wet and does not ferment properly.

Butt:
Bottom of a felled part of a tree; large end of a log.

Butt:
Bottom of a felled part of a tree; large end of a log.

Butt cut:
The first cut above the stump of a tree.

Butt cut:
The first cut above the stump of a tree.

Butt log:
First log cut above the stump. Also known as Butt cut.

Butt log:
First log cut above the stump. Also known as Butt cut.

Butt rot:
Decay or rot characteristically confined to the base or lower bole of a tree.

Butt rot:
Decay or rot characteristically confined to the base or lower bole of a tree.

By-pass protein:
Refers to the portion of intake protein in a feed that is not broken down in the rumen but is digested directly in the small intestine. Also referred to as undegradable intake protein (UIP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP) or escape protein.

By-pass protein:
Refers to the portion of intake protein in a feed that is not broken down in the rumen but is digested directly in the small intestine. Also referred to as undegradable intake protein (UIP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP) or escape protein.

Byproduct:
Product of considerably less value than the major product. For example, the hide and offal are byproducts, while beef is the major product.

Byproduct:
Product of considerably less value than the major product. For example, the hide and offal are byproducts, while beef is the major product.

Byproduct:
Product of considerably less value than the major product. For example, the hide and offal are byproducts, while beef is the major product.

Cable logging:
A yarding system employing winches and cables from a fixed position (usually a yarder and tower of some sort).

Cable logging:
A yarding system employing winches and cables from a fixed position (usually a yarder and tower of some sort).

Cable yarding:
The movement of felled trees or logs from the area where they are felled to the landing on a system composed of a cable suspended from spars and/or towers. The trees or logs may be either dragged across the ground on the cable or carried while suspended from the cable.

Cable yarding:
The movement of felled trees or logs from the area where they are felled to the landing on a system composed of a cable suspended from spars and/or towers. The trees or logs may be either dragged across the ground on the cable or carried while suspended from the cable.

Cage:
Equipment used to transport men and equipment in a shaft.

Cage:
Equipment used to transport men and equipment in a shaft.

Caisson:
Metal casing or cylinder used to sink shafts in wet or unstable ground.

Caisson:
Metal casing or cylinder used to sink shafts in wet or unstable ground.

Cake:
Cake is the main source of protein in animal feed. Produced by extracting vegetable oils from various oilseeds: soya, rapeseed, sunflower, copra, sesame, etc. leaving a product, generally rich in protein.

Cake:
Cake is the main source of protein in animal feed. Produced by extracting vegetable oils from various oilseeds: soya, rapeseed, sunflower, copra, sesame, etc. leaving a product, generally rich in protein.

Calcine:
Concentrate that is ready for smelting because the sulphur has been driven off by oxidation.

Calcine:
Concentrate that is ready for smelting because the sulphur has been driven off by oxidation.

Calender:
To make the surface of paper smooth by pressing it between steel rollers during manufacture.

Calender:
To make the surface of paper smooth by pressing it between steel rollers during manufacture.

Calibration:
1.  Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording
     temperatures.
2.  Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size.  Calibration is used to adjust
     scanner readings for greater accuracy.

Calibration:
1.  Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording
     temperatures.
2.  Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size.  Calibration is used to adjust
     scanner readings for greater accuracy.

Calibration:
1.  Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording
     temperatures.
2.  Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size.  Calibration is used to adjust
     scanner readings for greater accuracy.

Calibration:
1.  Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording
     temperatures.
2.  Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size.  Calibration is used to adjust
     scanner readings for greater accuracy.

Calibration:
1.  Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording
     temperatures.
2.  Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size.  Calibration is used to adjust
     scanner readings for greater accuracy.

Calorific value:
The potential heat-production value of a wood source.  Depends on the cellulose-lignin ratio, the percentage of extractives, and the moisture content.

Calorific value:
The potential heat-production value of a wood source.  Depends on the cellulose-lignin ratio, the percentage of extractives, and the moisture content.

Calorific value:
The potential heat-production value of a wood source.  Depends on the cellulose-lignin ratio, the percentage of extractives, and the moisture content.

Calorific value:
The potential heat-production value of a wood source.  Depends on the cellulose-lignin ratio, the percentage of extractives, and the moisture content.

Camber:
Curvature of a sail.

Camber:
Curvature of a sail.

Cambium:
The layer of tissue dividing the bark from the wood, which forms new bark to the outside and new wood to the inside as the tree grows.

Cambium:
The layer of tissue dividing the bark from the wood, which forms new bark to the outside and new wood to the inside as the tree grows.

Can buoy:
Cylindrical navigation buoy with a flat top, generally green in color.

Can buoy:
Cylindrical navigation buoy with a flat top, generally green in color.

Canola:
The American name for oilseed rape, an arable crop grown for the extraction of oil from the seeds.  Canola (rapeseed) meal, a byproduct of the oil extraction process is used as a high-protein animal feed.

Canola:
The American name for oilseed rape, an arable crop grown for the extraction of oil from the seeds.  Canola (rapeseed) meal, a byproduct of the oil extraction process is used as a high-protein animal feed.

Canopy:
The forest layer made up of the crowns of the tallest trees.

Canopy:
The forest layer made up of the crowns of the tallest trees.

Cant:
Piece of wood produced by a canter that requires further breakdown.

Cant:
Piece of wood produced by a canter that requires further breakdown.

Canter:
A machine that converts logs into a square, rectangular or two-sided cant for further processing.  Canters may be configured with conical disk heads or drum heads.  They may include double length or single length infeeds.  Circular or band saw sections can be included to produce side boards.

Canter:
A machine that converts logs into a square, rectangular or two-sided cant for further processing.  Canters may be configured with conical disk heads or drum heads.  They may include double length or single length infeeds.  Circular or band saw sections can be included to produce side boards.

Can velocity:
The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.

Can velocity:
The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.

Can velocity:
The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.

Can velocity:
The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.

Can velocity:
The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.

Capillarity:
Property of liquids allowing them to move through solids.

Capillarity:
Property of liquids allowing them to move through solids.

Capillary action:
The combination of solid-liquid adhesion and surface tension by which liquid moves through a cellular structure.

Capillary action:
The combination of solid-liquid adhesion and surface tension by which liquid moves through a cellular structure.

Capillary action:
The combination of solid-liquid adhesion and surface tension by which liquid moves through a cellular structure.

Capillary action:
The combination of solid-liquid adhesion and surface tension by which liquid moves through a cellular structure.

Capital cost:
The total investment needed to complete a project and bring it to a commercially operable status. The cost of construction of a new plant or the expenditures for the purchase/acquisition of existing facilities.

Capital cost:
The total investment needed to complete a project and bring it to a commercially operable status. The cost of construction of a new plant or the expenditures for the purchase/acquisition of existing facilities.

Capital cost:
The total investment needed to complete a project and bring it to a commercially operable status. The cost of construction of a new plant or the expenditures for the purchase/acquisition of existing facilities.

Capital cost:
The total investment needed to complete a project and bring it to a commercially operable status. The cost of construction of a new plant or the expenditures for the purchase/acquisition of existing facilities.

Capping head:
Equipment used to form a cap (chamfer) on the end of roundwood posts. Consists of a rotating cutterhead. Also called doming/domer.

Capping head:
Equipment used to form a cap (chamfer) on the end of roundwood posts. Consists of a rotating cutterhead. Also called doming/domer.

Capsize:
To flip a boat over.

Capsize:
To flip a boat over.

Capstan:
A winch used for hauling heavy objects such as anchors.

Capstan:
A winch used for hauling heavy objects such as anchors.

Car:
Railway wagon used to carry coal, ore and waste through underground tunnels.

Car:
Railway wagon used to carry coal, ore and waste through underground tunnels.

Carat:
A unit of weight used for precious stones, equivalent to 200mg (3.08 grains).

Carat:
A unit of weight used for precious stones, equivalent to 200mg (3.08 grains).

Carbide:
Tungsten carbide used for tooth inserts that are attached to the tooth face tip to provide a hard wear surface.

Carbide:
Tungsten carbide used for tooth inserts that are attached to the tooth face tip to provide a hard wear surface.

Carbohydrates:
Chemical compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In plants they can be divided into those that serve as storage and energy reserves and those that are structural. A major source of energy in livestock feeds.

Carbohydrates:
Chemical compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In plants they can be divided into those that serve as storage and energy reserves and those that are structural. A major source of energy in livestock feeds.

Carbon adsorption:
A process where soluble complexes of gold and silver attach (without a chemical reaction) to the surfaces of activated carbon particles. Used to collect gold and silver from leach solution.

Carbon adsorption:
A process where soluble complexes of gold and silver attach (without a chemical reaction) to the surfaces of activated carbon particles. Used to collect gold and silver from leach solution.

Carbon dioxide (CO2):
A colorless, odorless gas produced by respiration and combustion of carbon-containing fuels. Plants use it as a food in the photosynthesis process.

Carbon dioxide (CO2):
A colorless, odorless gas produced by respiration and combustion of carbon-containing fuels. Plants use it as a food in the photosynthesis process.

Carbon monoxide (CO):
A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion.

Carbon monoxide (CO):
A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion.

Cardboard:
A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or sheets of paper pasted together. Used for playing cards, greeting cards, etc. Corrugated containers are not made of cardboard.

Cardboard:
A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or sheets of paper pasted together. Used for playing cards, greeting cards, etc. Corrugated containers are not made of cardboard.

Car dump:
Mechanism used to unload a mining car or railway wagon.

Car dump:
Mechanism used to unload a mining car or railway wagon.

Carnivores:
Animals that feed on other animals or material of animal origin.

Carnivores:
Animals that feed on other animals or material of animal origin.

Carriage:
A frame on which are mounted the headblocks, setworks, and other mechanisms for holding a log while it is being sawed, and also for advancing the log toward the saw line after a cut has been made.  The carriage frame is mounted on trucks which travel on tracks, the carriage being actuated by a hydraulic piston, or motor and cable.

Carriage:
A frame on which are mounted the headblocks, setworks, and other mechanisms for holding a log while it is being sawed, and also for advancing the log toward the saw line after a cut has been made.  The carriage frame is mounted on trucks which travel on tracks, the carriage being actuated by a hydraulic piston, or motor and cable.

Cartridge:
1.  The replaceable element of a fluid filter.
2.  The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side
     plates.

Cartridge:
1.  The replaceable element of a fluid filter.
2.  The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side
     plates.

Cartridge:
1.  The replaceable element of a fluid filter.
2.  The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side
     plates.

Cartridge:
1.  The replaceable element of a fluid filter.
2.  The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side
     plates.

Cartridge:
1.  The replaceable element of a fluid filter.
2.  The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side
     plates.

Casehardening:
A condition of stress-and-set in dry wood in which the outer fibers are under compressive stress and the inner fibers under tensile stress.  The stresses persist after the lumber is dry and cause warp if the wood is remachined after drying.  See Reverse casehardening.

Casehardening:
A condition of stress-and-set in dry wood in which the outer fibers are under compressive stress and the inner fibers under tensile stress.  The stresses persist after the lumber is dry and cause warp if the wood is remachined after drying.  See Reverse casehardening.

Cast blasting:
A blasting method which uses the surplus explosive energy to move overburden/waste material across the pit and reduce the cost of handling it with mine equipment. Method frequently used in coal mining.

Cast blasting:
A blasting method which uses the surplus explosive energy to move overburden/waste material across the pit and reduce the cost of handling it with mine equipment. Method frequently used in coal mining.

Casting platform:
Elevated deck clear of obstruction used by anglers to make casts, often equipped with pedestal chairs.

Casting platform:
Elevated deck clear of obstruction used by anglers to make casts, often equipped with pedestal chairs.

Cast off:
To unfasten all lines in preparation for departure.

Cast off:
To unfasten all lines in preparation for departure.

Cat:
Often short for Caterpillar tractor, or any other brand of bulldozer-type tractor. May refer to a skidding tractor or a earthmoving bulldozer.

Cat:
Often short for Caterpillar tractor, or any other brand of bulldozer-type tractor. May refer to a skidding tractor or a earthmoving bulldozer.

Catalyst:
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed or produced by the reaction. Enzymes are catalysts for many biochemical reactions.

Catalyst:
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed or produced by the reaction. Enzymes are catalysts for many biochemical reactions.

Catamaran:
A twin hulled boat, either power or sail.

Catamaran:
A twin hulled boat, either power or sail.

Catboat :
Small, simple sailboat with one mast and sail set far forward.

Catboat :
Small, simple sailboat with one mast and sail set far forward.

Cat face:
Deformed tree trunk surface usually caused by fire, disease or rot.

Cat face:
Deformed tree trunk surface usually caused by fire, disease or rot.

Cathode:
A rectangular plate of pure refined metal, produced in the electrolytic process of mineral refining. This plate is later melted into commercial shapes for final usage.

Cathode:
A rectangular plate of pure refined metal, produced in the electrolytic process of mineral refining. This plate is later melted into commercial shapes for final usage.

Cat skinner:
The person who operates a cat.

Cat skinner:
The person who operates a cat.

Cavitation:
A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.

Cavitation:
A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.

Cavitation:
A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.

Cavitation:
A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.

Cavitation:
A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.

CCA:
Copper Chrome Arsenate, a wood preservative.

CCA:
Copper Chrome Arsenate, a wood preservative.

Cell:
General term for the minute units of wood structure including wood fibres, vessel segments and other elements.

Cell:
General term for the minute units of wood structure including wood fibres, vessel segments and other elements.

Cellulase:
A family of enzymes that break down cellulose into glucose molecules.

Cellulase:
A family of enzymes that break down cellulose into glucose molecules.

Cellulose:
One of the major structural materials in the plant cell walls that can be utilized by microorganisms in the rumen.

Cellulose:
One of the major structural materials in the plant cell walls that can be utilized by microorganisms in the rumen.

Cellulose:
One of the major structural materials in the plant cell walls that can be utilized by microorganisms in the rumen.

Cellulose:
One of the major structural materials in the plant cell walls that can be utilized by microorganisms in the rumen.

Cellulose:
One of the major structural materials in the plant cell walls that can be utilized by microorganisms in the rumen.

Celsius (C):
The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions.   °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.

Celsius (C):
The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions.   °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.

Celsius (C):
The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions.   °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.

Celsius (C):
The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions.   °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.

Celsius (C):
The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions.   °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.

Celsius (C):
The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions.   °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.

Cement copper:
A copper product obtained from copper solution by precipitation (cementation) onto iron.

Cement copper:
A copper product obtained from copper solution by precipitation (cementation) onto iron.

Centerboard:
A keel-like pivoting device, typically in a trunk, that can be lowered or raised to act as a keel.

Centerboard:
A keel-like pivoting device, typically in a trunk, that can be lowered or raised to act as a keel.

Center console boat:
Fishing boat with the helm station located amidships for maximum walk-through space around the perimeter of the boat.

Center console boat:
Fishing boat with the helm station located amidships for maximum walk-through space around the perimeter of the boat.

Centimetre (cm):
A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre.  2.54 cm is equal to one inch.

Centimetre (cm):
A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre.  2.54 cm is equal to one inch.

Centimetre (cm):
A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre.  2.54 cm is equal to one inch.

Centimetre (cm):
A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre.  2.54 cm is equal to one inch.

Centimetre (cm):
A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre.  2.54 cm is equal to one inch.

Centimetre (cm):
A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre.  2.54 cm is equal to one inch.

Centrifugal force:
The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.

Centrifugal force:
The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.

Centrifugal force:
The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.

Centrifugal force:
The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.

Centrifugal force:
The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.

Centrifugal force:
The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.

Chaff:
The empty pods or scale-like seed covers which are separated from the grain in the threshing and cleaning operation.

Chaff:
The empty pods or scale-like seed covers which are separated from the grain in the threshing and cleaning operation.

Chain:
Survey measure equal to 66 feet (20.12 meters)

Chain:
Survey measure equal to 66 feet (20.12 meters)

Chain conveyor:
Conveyor where material is moved along a trough by the scraping action of crossbars attached to a moving chain.

Chain conveyor:
Conveyor where material is moved along a trough by the scraping action of crossbars attached to a moving chain.

Chainsaw firewood processor:
Equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Uses a chainsaw (often hydraulic powered) to buck the logs into blocks.

Chainsaw firewood processor:
Equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Uses a chainsaw (often hydraulic powered) to buck the logs into blocks.

Chalcopyrite:
A sulphide mineral of copper and iron. A common ore mineral of copper.

Chalcopyrite:
A sulphide mineral of copper and iron. A common ore mineral of copper.

Channel:
A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Channel:
A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Channel:
A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Channel:
A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Channel:
A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Channel:
A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Char:
The remains of solid biomass that has been incompletely combusted, such as charcoal if wood is incompletely burned.

Char:
The remains of solid biomass that has been incompletely combusted, such as charcoal if wood is incompletely burned.

Charge pressure:
The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).

Charge pressure:
The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).

Charge pressure:
The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).

Charge pressure:
The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).

Charge pressure:
The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).

Charge (supercharge):
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)

Charge (supercharge):
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)

Charge (supercharge):
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)

Charge (supercharge):
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)

Charge (supercharge):
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)

Chart plotter:
Electronic navigation device that displays charts for use in plotting a course.

Chart plotter:
Electronic navigation device that displays charts for use in plotting a course.

Chart recorder:
An electronic depth sounder that records bottom structure data on paper.

Chart recorder:
An electronic depth sounder that records bottom structure data on paper.

Charts:
Paper or electronic navigation maps.

Charts:
Paper or electronic navigation maps.

Check:
A splitting of the wood fibers within or on a log or lumber.  Checks result from uneven wood shrinkage.

Check:
A splitting of the wood fibers within or on a log or lumber.  Checks result from uneven wood shrinkage.

Check valve:
A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.

Check valve:
A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.

Check valve:
A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.

Check valve:
A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.

Check valve:
A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.

Chelated Mineral:
A mineral such as copper or zinc that is bonded by two or more chemical bonds with peptides or amino acids. Each has a varying level of absorption and efficacy.

Chelated Mineral:
A mineral such as copper or zinc that is bonded by two or more chemical bonds with peptides or amino acids. Each has a varying level of absorption and efficacy.

Chemically protected lumber:
Lumber treated with anti-stain chemicals to protect it in transit.

Chemically protected lumber:
Lumber treated with anti-stain chemicals to protect it in transit.

Chemical pulp:
The product of the reduction of wood or other fiber into component parts during cooking with various chemical liquors in processes such as sulfate, sulfite, and soda pulping.

Chemical pulp:
The product of the reduction of wood or other fiber into component parts during cooking with various chemical liquors in processes such as sulfate, sulfite, and soda pulping.

Chemimechanical pulp (CMP):
A product made by pretreating chips with chemicals at a temperature usually below 100C, followed by atmospheric refining.

Chemimechanical pulp (CMP):
A product made by pretreating chips with chemicals at a temperature usually below 100C, followed by atmospheric refining.

Chick Crumbs:
Small particles of specially formulated feed suitable for very young poultry.

Chick Crumbs:
Small particles of specially formulated feed suitable for very young poultry.

Chine :
Portion of the hull where the bottom and sides intersect.

Chine :
Portion of the hull where the bottom and sides intersect.

Chip:
1.  (n.) Small piece of wood used as fibre for the pulp process; the product of canter chipper 
     heads and chippers. Chips are larger and coarser than sawdust.
2.  (v.) To mechanically reduce logs or whole trees to small pieces for fuel, pulp, or chipboard 
     manufacture.

Chip:
1.  (n.) Small piece of wood used as fibre for the pulp process; the product of canter chipper 
     heads and chippers. Chips are larger and coarser than sawdust.
2.  (v.) To mechanically reduce logs or whole trees to small pieces for fuel, pulp, or chipboard 
     manufacture.

Chipboard:
A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing sheets on padded writing paper, partitions within boxes, shoeboxes, etc.

Chipboard:
A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing sheets on padded writing paper, partitions within boxes, shoeboxes, etc.

Chip load:
The quantity of wood removed by an individual knife as it cuts on each pass.

Chip load:
The quantity of wood removed by an individual knife as it cuts on each pass.

Chipper:
Device used to transform pieces of wood to chips by knife action.

Chipper:
Device used to transform pieces of wood to chips by knife action.

Chipper:
Device used to transform pieces of wood to chips by knife action.

Chipper canter:
A headrig machine that reduces debarked logs directly to chips and cants without producing sawdust.

Chipper canter:
A headrig machine that reduces debarked logs directly to chips and cants without producing sawdust.

Chips:
Thin, short pieces of wood used as a raw material for biomass fuel, pulping and fiberboard production. The product of chippers. Chips are larger and coarser than sawdust.

Chips:
Thin, short pieces of wood used as a raw material for biomass fuel, pulping and fiberboard production. The product of chippers. Chips are larger and coarser than sawdust.

Choke:
A restriction, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Choke:
A restriction, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Choke point:
Area of the crushing chamber have the smallest cross section.

Choke point:
Area of the crushing chamber have the smallest cross section.

Choker:
Short length of wire rope that forms a noose around the end of a log for hauling.

Choker:
Short length of wire rope that forms a noose around the end of a log for hauling.

Chopped fibreglass:
Fibreglass strands cut and mixed with resin by and applied to a boat mold by using a chopper gun.

Chopped fibreglass:
Fibreglass strands cut and mixed with resin by and applied to a boat mold by using a chopper gun.

Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA):
The most commonly used chemical for pressure treating lumber.

Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA):
The most commonly used chemical for pressure treating lumber.

Chromite:
The chief ore mineral of chromium.

Chromite:
The chief ore mineral of chromium.

Cinnabar:
A vermilion-colored mercury sulfide mineral. It is the principal ore mineral for mercury.

Cinnabar:
A vermilion-colored mercury sulfide mineral. It is the principal ore mineral for mercury.

Circuit:
An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.

Circuit:
An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.

Circuit:
An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.

Circuit:
An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.

Circuit:
An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.

Circular headsaw:
A circular plate having cutting teeth on the circumference and used to ripsaw logs.

Circular headsaw:
A circular plate having cutting teeth on the circumference and used to ripsaw logs.

Circular saw:
A circular metal plate with teeth on the circumference that rotates on an arbor.

Circular saw:
A circular metal plate with teeth on the circumference that rotates on an arbor.

Circular saw firewood processor:
Equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Uses a circular saw to buck the logs into blocks.

Circular saw firewood processor:
Equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Uses a circular saw to buck the logs into blocks.

Circular sawmill:
The traditional sawmill uses a circular saw. Circular saws are thicker (larger kerf) than band saws and produce more sawdust. Logs can be cut moving on the carriage in only one direction, then the carriage returns and turns the log for the next cut.

Circular sawmill:
The traditional sawmill uses a circular saw. Circular saws are thicker (larger kerf) than band saws and produce more sawdust. Logs can be cut moving on the carriage in only one direction, then the carriage returns and turns the log for the next cut.

Circulating load:
Over sized pieces of ore returned to the head of a closed crushing/grinding circuit to be further reduced in size. After they reach the desired size they are moved on to the next processing step.

Circulating load:
Over sized pieces of ore returned to the head of a closed crushing/grinding circuit to be further reduced in size. After they reach the desired size they are moved on to the next processing step.

Clarification:
A filtering process to remove suspended material from water.

Clarification:
A filtering process to remove suspended material from water.

Classifier:
Mineral processing machine which separates minerals according to size and density.

Classifier:
Mineral processing machine which separates minerals according to size and density.

Class I hitch :
Trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity up to 2,000 pounds; available as a bumper mount, step bumper or bumper/frame mount.

Class I hitch :
Trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity up to 2,000 pounds; available as a bumper mount, step bumper or bumper/frame mount.

Class II hitch :
Frame-mounted trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity of up to 3,500 pounds.

Class II hitch :
Frame-mounted trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity of up to 3,500 pounds.

Class III hitch :
Frame-mounted trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity of up to 5,000 pounds.

Class III hitch :
Frame-mounted trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity of up to 5,000 pounds.

Class IV hitch :
Frame-mounted trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity of up to 10,000 pounds.

Class IV hitch :
Frame-mounted trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity of up to 10,000 pounds.

Clear:
Lumber or logs that are free or practically free of defects. First quality lumber or log.

Clear:
Lumber or logs that are free or practically free of defects. First quality lumber or log.

Clearance angle:
The angle between a tangent to the cutting circle of a tooth and a line along the top of the tooth intersecting this tangent.

Clearance angle:
The angle between a tangent to the cutting circle of a tooth and a line along the top of the tooth intersecting this tangent.

Clear-cut:
An area in which all of the trees have been or will be felled, bucked and skidded in one operation. When all trees in a given area are felled.

Clear-cut:
An area in which all of the trees have been or will be felled, bucked and skidded in one operation. When all trees in a given area are felled.

Cleat :
Hardware piece on a boat or a dock to which lines are attached.

Cleat :
Hardware piece on a boat or a dock to which lines are attached.

Clew :
The after-most corner of a sail.

Clew :
The after-most corner of a sail.

Climb cut:
The circular saw blade rotates in the same direction as the material is fed during the cutting process.

Climb cut:
The circular saw blade rotates in the same direction as the material is fed during the cutting process.

Climb sawing:
See Climb cut.

Climb sawing:
See Climb cut.

Clipper loss:
During the manufacture of veneer, the ribbon of veneer is cut to specific sizes by a device called a clipper.   Losses during this step occur because of unacceptable defects (knots, rot, etc.) in the veneer, splits and breakage, or sizing.

Clipper loss:
During the manufacture of veneer, the ribbon of veneer is cut to specific sizes by a device called a clipper.   Losses during this step occur because of unacceptable defects (knots, rot, etc.) in the veneer, splits and breakage, or sizing.

Closed canopy:
The description given to a stand when the crowns of the main level of trees forming the canopy are touching and intermingled, and form a barrier to light penetrating the forest floor from above.

Closed canopy:
The description given to a stand when the crowns of the main level of trees forming the canopy are touching and intermingled, and form a barrier to light penetrating the forest floor from above.

Closed center circuit:
One in which flow through the system is blocked in neutral and pressure is maintained at the maximum pressure control setting.

Closed center circuit:
One in which flow through the system is blocked in neutral and pressure is maintained at the maximum pressure control setting.

Closed center valve:
One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.

Closed center valve:
One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.

Closed center valve:
One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.

Closed center valve:
One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.

Closed center valve:
One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.

Closed circuit:
A loop in the milling process where a selected portion of the product of a machine is returned to the head of the machine for finishing to required specification.

Closed circuit:
A loop in the milling process where a selected portion of the product of a machine is returned to the head of the machine for finishing to required specification.

Closed loop:
A system in which the output of one or more elements is compared to some other signal to provide an actuating signal to control the output of the loop.

Closed loop:
A system in which the output of one or more elements is compared to some other signal to provide an actuating signal to control the output of the loop.

Closed loop:
A system in which the output of one or more elements is compared to some other signal to provide an actuating signal to control the output of the loop.

Closed loop:
A system in which the output of one or more elements is compared to some other signal to provide an actuating signal to control the output of the loop.

Close-hauled :
Sailing as close to the wind or directly into the wind as possible.

Close-hauled :
Sailing as close to the wind or directly into the wind as possible.

Coal:
A solid, brittle, more or less distinctly stratified combustible carbonaceous rock, formed by partial to complete decomposition of vegetation.

Coal:
A solid, brittle, more or less distinctly stratified combustible carbonaceous rock, formed by partial to complete decomposition of vegetation.

Cockpit :
Deck space for the crew of a boat, typically recessed.

Cockpit :
Deck space for the crew of a boat, typically recessed.

Cogeneration:
The process of burning fuel to produce electricity and usable steam.

Cogeneration:
The process of burning fuel to produce electricity and usable steam.

Cogeneration:
The process of burning fuel to produce electricity and usable steam.

Cogeneration:
The process of burning fuel to produce electricity and usable steam.

Co-gen operation:
Refers to the production of usable steam and electricity using a particular kind of fuel (for example, woodchips, oil, coal, hydro).

Co-gen operation:
Refers to the production of usable steam and electricity using a particular kind of fuel (for example, woodchips, oil, coal, hydro).

Co-gen operation:
Refers to the production of usable steam and electricity using a particular kind of fuel (for example, woodchips, oil, coal, hydro).

Co-gen operation:
Refers to the production of usable steam and electricity using a particular kind of fuel (for example, woodchips, oil, coal, hydro).

Coils:
The radiant heating surface within steam or oil-heated kilns.  The coils contain the steam or oil and transfer its heat through the coil wall to heat the kiln air, producing condensate in the process.

Coils:
The radiant heating surface within steam or oil-heated kilns.  The coils contain the steam or oil and transfer its heat through the coil wall to heat the kiln air, producing condensate in the process.

Coils, center:
The steam or oil coils that are positioned between the kiln tracks.  Also called Booster coils.

Coils, center:
The steam or oil coils that are positioned between the kiln tracks.  Also called Booster coils.

Coils, overhead:
The steam or oil coils positioned overhead at or on the fan deck.

Coils, overhead:
The steam or oil coils positioned overhead at or on the fan deck.

Cold deck:
A stack of logs left for later transportation (in the woods), or a deck of logs at the mill for winter use.

Cold deck:
A stack of logs left for later transportation (in the woods), or a deck of logs at the mill for winter use.

Collapse:
The flattening of single cells or rows of cells during the drying or pressure treatment of wood. Often characterized by a caved-in or corrugated ("washboarded") appearance of the wood surface.

Collapse:
The flattening of single cells or rows of cells during the drying or pressure treatment of wood. Often characterized by a caved-in or corrugated ("washboarded") appearance of the wood surface.

Collar:
A flange mounted on the saw arbor to support the blade on one or both sides.  If the collar is fixed to the arbor, it is called the fixed collar.  If not, it is a loose collar.

Collar:
A flange mounted on the saw arbor to support the blade on one or both sides.  If the collar is fixed to the arbor, it is called the fixed collar.  If not, it is a loose collar.

Collarless saws:
The saw floats on the arbor being keyed directly to the arbor itself.

Collarless saws:
The saw floats on the arbor being keyed directly to the arbor itself.

Colostrum:
The first type of milk secreted by a mammal, for the first three to four days after birth. Contains high levels of protein, vitamins, antibodies, etc.

Colostrum:
The first type of milk secreted by a mammal, for the first three to four days after birth. Contains high levels of protein, vitamins, antibodies, etc.

Column:
A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.

Column:
A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.

Column:
A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.

Column:
A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.

Column:
A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.

Column flotation:
A tall cylindrical column used to separate valuable or unwanted minerals from the gangue.

Column flotation:
A tall cylindrical column used to separate valuable or unwanted minerals from the gangue.

Combined cycle:
Two or more generation processes in series or in parallel, configured to optimize the energy output of the system.

Combined cycle:
Two or more generation processes in series or in parallel, configured to optimize the energy output of the system.

Combustion:
Consumption by oxidation, evolving heat, and, generally, also flame and incandescence.

Combustion:
Consumption by oxidation, evolving heat, and, generally, also flame and incandescence.

Combustion air:
The air fed to a fire to provide oxygen for combustion of fuel. It may be preheated before injection into a furnace.

Combustion air:
The air fed to a fire to provide oxygen for combustion of fuel. It may be preheated before injection into a furnace.

Combustion (Burning):
The transformation of biomass fuel into heat, chemicals, and gases through chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon in the fuel with oxygen in the air.

Combustion (Burning):
The transformation of biomass fuel into heat, chemicals, and gases through chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon in the fuel with oxygen in the air.

Combustion efficiency:
(actual heat produced by combustion) divided by (total heat potential of the fuel consumed)

Combustion efficiency:
(actual heat produced by combustion) divided by (total heat potential of the fuel consumed)

Come about :
To tack or change heading relative to the wind.

Come about :
To tack or change heading relative to the wind.

Command signal (or input signal):
An external signal to which the servo must respond.

Command signal (or input signal):
An external signal to which the servo must respond.

Command signal (or input signal):
An external signal to which the servo must respond.

Command signal (or input signal):
An external signal to which the servo must respond.

Command signal (or input signal):
An external signal to which the servo must respond.

Commercial thinning:
A silviculture treatment that "thins" out an overstocked stand by removing trees that are large enough to be sold as products such as poles or fence posts. It is carried out to improve the health and growth rate of the remaining crop trees. As compared to "juvenile spacing".

Commercial thinning:
A silviculture treatment that "thins" out an overstocked stand by removing trees that are large enough to be sold as products such as poles or fence posts. It is carried out to improve the health and growth rate of the remaining crop trees. As compared to "juvenile spacing".

Comminution:
The particle size reduction of materials. Breaking, crushing or grinding of coal, ore or rock.

Comminution:
The particle size reduction of materials. Breaking, crushing or grinding of coal, ore or rock.

Compaction:
Close packing of chips in a given volume of space in order to minimize the voids between the individual chips.

Compaction:
Close packing of chips in a given volume of space in order to minimize the voids between the individual chips.

Compensator control:
A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.

Compensator control:
A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.

Compensator control:
A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.

Compensator control:
A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.

Compensator control:
A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.

Complete feed:
A ration that provides all the nutrients required. This can be purchased or it can be made up on farm.

Complete feed:
A ration that provides all the nutrients required. This can be purchased or it can be made up on farm.

Complex ore:
An ore which contains a number of different minerals of value. Often means that it will be difficult to extract and separate the valuable minerals.

Complex ore:
An ore which contains a number of different minerals of value. Often means that it will be difficult to extract and separate the valuable minerals.

Composites:
Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.

Composites:
Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.

Composites:
Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.

Composites:
Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.

Composites:
Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.

Compound feed:
Any feed produced by an animal feed manufacturer. It may be a complete or a supplementary feed.

Compound feed:
Any feed produced by an animal feed manufacturer. It may be a complete or a supplementary feed.

Compressibility:
The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.

Compressibility:
The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.

Compressibility:
The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.

Compressibility:
The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.

Compressibility:
The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.

Compression:
In crushing/grinding terms the method of material reduction by applying a compression force between two surfaces.

Compression:
In crushing/grinding terms the method of material reduction by applying a compression force between two surfaces.

Compression failure:
Deformation of the wood fibres resulting from excessive compression along the grain either in direct end compression or in bending. In surfaced lumber, compression failures may appear as fine wrinkles across the face of the piece.

Compression failure:
Deformation of the wood fibres resulting from excessive compression along the grain either in direct end compression or in bending. In surfaced lumber, compression failures may appear as fine wrinkles across the face of the piece.

Compression wood:
Abnormal wood formed on the lower side of branches and inclined trunks of softwood trees.  Compression wood is identified by its relatively wide annual rings (usually eccentric when viewed on cross section of branch or trunk), relatively large amount of summerwood, sometimes more than 50% of the width of the annual rings in which it occurs, and its lack of demarcation between earlywood and latewood in the same annual rings.  Compression wood shrinks excessively lengthwise, as compared with normal wood.

Compression wood:
Abnormal wood formed on the lower side of branches and inclined trunks of softwood trees.  Compression wood is identified by its relatively wide annual rings (usually eccentric when viewed on cross section of branch or trunk), relatively large amount of summerwood, sometimes more than 50% of the width of the annual rings in which it occurs, and its lack of demarcation between earlywood and latewood in the same annual rings.  Compression wood shrinks excessively lengthwise, as compared with normal wood.

Computer simulations:
Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.

Computer simulations:
Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.

Computer simulations:
Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.

Computer simulations:
Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.

Computer simulations:
Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.

Concentrate:
Powdery product of high grade ore which has the majority of the waste (gangue) removed.

Concentrate:
Powdery product of high grade ore which has the majority of the waste (gangue) removed.

Concentrates:
Feeds high in energy, low in fibre and highly digestible, for example, barley, oats, wheat, canola meal, soybean meal and molasses.

Concentrates:
Feeds high in energy, low in fibre and highly digestible, for example, barley, oats, wheat, canola meal, soybean meal and molasses.

Concentrator:
The step(s) in a mineral processing mill which produces a concentrate of ore.

Concentrator:
The step(s) in a mineral processing mill which produces a concentrate of ore.

Condensate:
Water formed by removing heat from steam within the kiln heating coils.

Condensate:
Water formed by removing heat from steam within the kiln heating coils.

Conditioners:
Equipment that improves compressibility and binding of feed mixtures by controlling variables such as heat, moisture and time.

Conditioners:
Equipment that improves compressibility and binding of feed mixtures by controlling variables such as heat, moisture and time.

Conditioning:
A process for relieving the stresses present in wood at the end of drying.

Conditioning:
A process for relieving the stresses present in wood at the end of drying.

Conditioning treatment:
A treatment applied to equilibrate the moisture content of wood to a particular value.

Conditioning treatment:
A treatment applied to equilibrate the moisture content of wood to a particular value.

Cone crusher:
Machine that has a gyrating cone/crushing head to reduce the size of ore. Usually used as a secondary crusher.

Cone crusher:
Machine that has a gyrating cone/crushing head to reduce the size of ore. Usually used as a secondary crusher.

Conifer:
Tree that is a gymnosperm, usually Evergreen, with cones and needle-shaped or scalelike leaves, producing wood known commercially as softwood.

Conifer:
Tree that is a gymnosperm, usually Evergreen, with cones and needle-shaped or scalelike leaves, producing wood known commercially as softwood.

Coniferous:
A type of tree which is cone-bearing and has needles or scale-like leaves, such as Pine and Spruce.

Coniferous:
A type of tree which is cone-bearing and has needles or scale-like leaves, such as Pine and Spruce.

Containerboard:
The components (linerboard, corrugating medium and chipboard) used to manufacture corrugated and solid fiberboard.

Containerboard:
The components (linerboard, corrugating medium and chipboard) used to manufacture corrugated and solid fiberboard.

Continuous miner:
A machine that constantly extracts coal while it loads it (with no stoppages).

Continuous miner:
A machine that constantly extracts coal while it loads it (with no stoppages).

Continuous rendering:
Most common method of rendering whereby a continuous flow of shredded raw animal by-products are cooked/dried.

Continuous rendering:
Most common method of rendering whereby a continuous flow of shredded raw animal by-products are cooked/dried.

Control:
A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).

Control:
A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).

Control:
A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).

Control:
A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).

Control:
A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).

Control console:
Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.

Control console:
Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.

Control console:
Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.

Control console:
Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.

Control console:
Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.

Controlled blasting:
Blasting patterns and sequences designed to achieve a particular objective. Examples include cast blasting and deck blasting.

Controlled blasting:
Blasting patterns and sequences designed to achieve a particular objective. Examples include cast blasting and deck blasting.

Control valve:
A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.

Control valve:
A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.

Control valve:
A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.

Control valve:
A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.

Control valve:
A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.

Conventional Chemical West Chemistry Analysis:
Traditional laboratory methods used to analyze feed samples involving various chemical, drying, burning procedures to determine the major chemical components within the feed sample.

Conventional Chemical West Chemistry Analysis:
Traditional laboratory methods used to analyze feed samples involving various chemical, drying, burning procedures to determine the major chemical components within the feed sample.

Conventional cut:
The circular saw rotates in a direction counter or opposite to the direction of the feed.  Also called Counter sawing.

Conventional cut:
The circular saw rotates in a direction counter or opposite to the direction of the feed.  Also called Counter sawing.

Conveyor:
Equipment which moves material from one point to another continuously by means of an endless (looped) procession of hooks, buckets, wide rubber belt, etc.

Conveyor:
Equipment which moves material from one point to another continuously by means of an endless (looped) procession of hooks, buckets, wide rubber belt, etc.

Conveyor:
Equipment which moves material from one point to another continuously by means of an endless (looped) procession of hooks, buckets, wide rubber belt, etc.

Cookers:
Cookers are used in aquafeeds for steaming/cooking feeds to assist with water stability through starch gelatinisation.

Cookers:
Cookers are used in aquafeeds for steaming/cooking feeds to assist with water stability through starch gelatinisation.

Coolers:
Coolers/Dryers reduce the temperature of feed pellets to ambient(or less) and/or reduce the moisture content to 10-12%(or less).  Two basic types exist, horizontal and vertical.

Coolers:
Coolers/Dryers reduce the temperature of feed pellets to ambient(or less) and/or reduce the moisture content to 10-12%(or less).  Two basic types exist, horizontal and vertical.

Copra Meal:
Is the dried meat, or kernel, of the coconut. Used as an animal feed especially among horse enthusiasts.

Copra Meal:
Is the dried meat, or kernel, of the coconut. Used as an animal feed especially among horse enthusiasts.

Cord:
A stack of wood consisting of 128 cubic feet (3.62 cubic meters). A cord has standard dimensions of 4 x 4 x 8 feet, including air space and bark.

Cord:
A stack of wood consisting of 128 cubic feet (3.62 cubic meters). A cord has standard dimensions of 4 x 4 x 8 feet, including air space and bark.

Cord:
A stack of wood consisting of 128 cubic feet (3.62 cubic meters). A cord has standard dimensions of 4 x 4 x 8 feet, including air space and bark.

Core:
The innermost portion of plywood usually composed of veneer. Also referred to as a "center." A core may also be made of fiberboard, particleboard or lumber.

Core:
The innermost portion of plywood usually composed of veneer. Also referred to as a "center." A core may also be made of fiberboard, particleboard or lumber.

Core (Core sample):
A long cylinder of rock made during exploration work. Used for analysing the geologic and chemical properties of the ore body.

Core (Core sample):
A long cylinder of rock made during exploration work. Used for analysing the geologic and chemical properties of the ore body.

Core stock:
A solid or discontinuous center ply used in panel-type glued structures such as furniture panels and solid hollowcore doors.

Core stock:
A solid or discontinuous center ply used in panel-type glued structures such as furniture panels and solid hollowcore doors.

Corn:
Also known as Maize, is a cereal grain. In the United States and Canada, the primary use for maize is as a feed for livestock, forage, silage or grain.

Corn:
Also known as Maize, is a cereal grain. In the United States and Canada, the primary use for maize is as a feed for livestock, forage, silage or grain.

Corral rails:
Rails used for animal enclosures. Often consisting of roundwood use horizontally on a fence.

Corral rails:
Rails used for animal enclosures. Often consisting of roundwood use horizontally on a fence.

Corrugated containers:
Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.

Corrugated containers:
Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.

Corrugating medium:
The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated box which cushions the product from shock during shipment (see flute). This layer can contain up to 100% post-consumer recycled fiber content without reducing its ability to protect the product.

Corrugating medium:
The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated box which cushions the product from shock during shipment (see flute). This layer can contain up to 100% post-consumer recycled fiber content without reducing its ability to protect the product.

Cottonseed Hulls:
Parts of the cottonseed head that is left after the cotton and meal have been extracted. Normally considered to be a very low quality feed for ruminants.

Cottonseed Hulls:
Parts of the cottonseed head that is left after the cotton and meal have been extracted. Normally considered to be a very low quality feed for ruminants.

Cottonseed Meal:
The byproduct remaining after cotton lint is removed, the seeds crushed and the oil extracted. The remaining meal is usually used for animal feed. However, the meal contains a compound called gossypol which at a certain levels can only be tolerated by adult ruminants.

Cottonseed Meal:
The byproduct remaining after cotton lint is removed, the seeds crushed and the oil extracted. The remaining meal is usually used for animal feed. However, the meal contains a compound called gossypol which at a certain levels can only be tolerated by adult ruminants.

Cottonseed Whole:
Whole cottonseed may be used as a feed for mature cattle. It is usually soaked in water and fed in small quantities as a supplement to green feed.

Cottonseed Whole:
Whole cottonseed may be used as a feed for mature cattle. It is usually soaked in water and fed in small quantities as a supplement to green feed.

Counterbalance valve:
A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.

Counterbalance valve:
A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.

Counterbalance valve:
A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.

Counterbalance valve:
A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.

Counterbalance valve:
A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.

Counterbore depth:
Counterbore depth
Also known as Relief. Refers to different shapes and depth configurations of the outlets of a pellet die hole. Types include: Straight/Standard, Tapered and Variable Counterbore.

Counterbore depth:
Counterbore depth
Also known as Relief. Refers to different shapes and depth configurations of the outlets of a pellet die hole. Types include: Straight/Standard, Tapered and Variable Counterbore.

Counter cutting:
The circular saw blade rotates in a direction counter or opposite to the direction of the feed.

Counter cutting:
The circular saw blade rotates in a direction counter or opposite to the direction of the feed.

Counter rotation:
The act of two propellers spinning in opposite directions on a single shaft.

Counter rotation:
The act of two propellers spinning in opposite directions on a single shaft.

Countersunk inlet:
Inlets in a pellet die that have been countersunk, normally 55 to 60 degrees. Acts to encourage material into the holes of the pellet die.

Countersunk inlet:
Inlets in a pellet die that have been countersunk, normally 55 to 60 degrees. Acts to encourage material into the holes of the pellet die.

Course :
Direction in which a boat is steered.

Course :
Direction in which a boat is steered.

Cover:
The overburden or waste rock above an orebody.

Cover:
The overburden or waste rock above an orebody.

Cracking pressure:
The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.

Cracking pressure:
The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.

Cracking pressure:
The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.

Cracking pressure:
The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.

Cracking pressure:
The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.

Crib:
Roof support of prop timbers or ties. Arranged in alternating cross layer pattern.

Crib:
Roof support of prop timbers or ties. Arranged in alternating cross layer pattern.

Cripple:
A cut in an unseasoned joist, bearer or stud designed to reduce movement in a floor or wall as the structural timber seasons.

Cripple:
A cut in an unseasoned joist, bearer or stud designed to reduce movement in a floor or wall as the structural timber seasons.

Crook:
A deviation edgewise from a straight line drawn end to end of a piece of lumber.  See also Warp.

Crook:
A deviation edgewise from a straight line drawn end to end of a piece of lumber.  See also Warp.

Crosscut:
Cutting across the grain, e.g., a crosscut saw.

Crosscut:
Cutting across the grain, e.g., a crosscut saw.

Cross laminated timber:
Cross laminated timber is an engineered building product manufactured by gluing layers of edge glued lumber panels in a cross pattern.  This produces a peanel that is purther processed into specific sizes of cross laminated timber to be used for building framing.

Cross laminated timber:
Cross laminated timber is an engineered building product manufactured by gluing layers of edge glued lumber panels in a cross pattern.  This produces a peanel that is purther processed into specific sizes of cross laminated timber to be used for building framing.

Crossouts:
Horizontal spacers between units of lumber.  They align over the sticks and serve to separate the units for forklift handling.

Crossouts:
Horizontal spacers between units of lumber.  They align over the sticks and serve to separate the units for forklift handling.

Crown:
1.  The live branches and foliage of a tree.
2.  The upper part of a tree.

Crown:
1.  The live branches and foliage of a tree.
2.  The upper part of a tree.

Crude fibre:
A chemical method used to describe the indigestible portion of plant material. Not a useful value for analyzing feeds for ruminants but still commonly used for monogastrics.

Crude fibre:
A chemical method used to describe the indigestible portion of plant material. Not a useful value for analyzing feeds for ruminants but still commonly used for monogastrics.

Crude Protein:
The total amount of protein present as calculated from the total nitrogen present.

Crude Protein:
The total amount of protein present as calculated from the total nitrogen present.

Cruiser :
A boat with overnight accommodations.

Cruiser :
A boat with overnight accommodations.

Crumblers:
A crumbler is a roller mill with rolls specially designed for breaking up pellets into smaller particles. Usually the crumbler consists of two corrugated rolls situated below the cooler/drier exit.

Crumblers:
A crumbler is a roller mill with rolls specially designed for breaking up pellets into smaller particles. Usually the crumbler consists of two corrugated rolls situated below the cooler/drier exit.

Crusher / Crushing:
Machines which reduce the size of the ore to a specified size for further grinding in ball/rod mills. Types include jaw, gyratory, vertical/horizontal impactor, hydraulic hammer and cone.

Crusher / Crushing:
Machines which reduce the size of the ore to a specified size for further grinding in ball/rod mills. Types include jaw, gyratory, vertical/horizontal impactor, hydraulic hammer and cone.

Cubic recovery ratio (CRR):
In a material balance diagram, the ratio of wood product recovered divided by the wood raw material used, both measured in cubic volume.  The fraction of wood raw material converted to the intended product.

Cubic recovery ratio (CRR):
In a material balance diagram, the ratio of wood product recovered divided by the wood raw material used, both measured in cubic volume.  The fraction of wood raw material converted to the intended product.

Cud:
A mouthful of previously swallowed food, regurgitated from the first stomach of ruminants. The cud is then chewed again further breaking it down for digestion.

Cud:
A mouthful of previously swallowed food, regurgitated from the first stomach of ruminants. The cud is then chewed again further breaking it down for digestion.

Cuddy cabin :
Below decks accommodations in the bow area for over nighting and stowage.

Cuddy cabin :
Below decks accommodations in the bow area for over nighting and stowage.

Cunit:
A measurement equal to 100 cubic feet of solid wood.

Cunit:
A measurement equal to 100 cubic feet of solid wood.

Cup:
Deviation in the face of a piece of lumber from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of a piece of lumber.  See also Warp.

Cup:
Deviation in the face of a piece of lumber from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of a piece of lumber.  See also Warp.

Cure:
To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical reaction (which may be condensation, polymerization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop maximum strength.  Usually accomplished by the action of heat or a catalyst with or without pressure.

Cure:
To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical reaction (which may be condensation, polymerization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop maximum strength.  Usually accomplished by the action of heat or a catalyst with or without pressure.

Cure:
To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical reaction (which may be condensation, polymerization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop maximum strength.  Usually accomplished by the action of heat or a catalyst with or without pressure.

Cure:
To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical reaction (which may be condensation, polymerization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop maximum strength.  Usually accomplished by the action of heat or a catalyst with or without pressure.

Cure :
Hardening process for resin-soaked fibreglass laminates.

Cure :
Hardening process for resin-soaked fibreglass laminates.

Curve Sawing:
Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant.  Also referred to as sweep sawing or shape sawing.  Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve.

Curve Sawing:
Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant.  Also referred to as sweep sawing or shape sawing.  Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve.

Cushion:
A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.

Cushion:
A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.

Cushion:
A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.

Cushion:
A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.

Cushion:
A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.

Cut sheets:
Fine paper cut to letter or legal size for use in printers, copiers and fax machines.

Cut sheets:
Fine paper cut to letter or legal size for use in printers, copiers and fax machines.

Cutter :
Single-masted sailboat similar to a sloop, but with the mast farther aft to allow for a double headsail.

Cutter :
Single-masted sailboat similar to a sloop, but with the mast farther aft to allow for a double headsail.

Cutting circle:
The circle described by the outer rim or extremity of the teeth of a circular saw.

Cutting circle:
The circle described by the outer rim or extremity of the teeth of a circular saw.

Cut-to-length harvester (CTL):
A self-propelled tracked or wheeled harvesting machine, designed to fell, limb, and buck a tree into logs, usually 20 feet or less in length. Most commonly the harvesting head is mounted to an articulating arm. Not to be confused with a full-tree length harvester or feller-buncher. Most commonly CTL harvesters work with forwarders which transport the bunched log piles to the landing.

Cut-to-length harvester (CTL):
A self-propelled tracked or wheeled harvesting machine, designed to fell, limb, and buck a tree into logs, usually 20 feet or less in length. Most commonly the harvesting head is mounted to an articulating arm. Not to be confused with a full-tree length harvester or feller-buncher. Most commonly CTL harvesters work with forwarders which transport the bunched log piles to the landing.

Cyanidation:
A method of extracting gold/silver from ore by dissolving it in a weak solution of sodium, calcium or potassium cyanide. Used as the primary method for gold/silver extraction, especially for low grade producers.

Cyanidation:
A method of extracting gold/silver from ore by dissolving it in a weak solution of sodium, calcium or potassium cyanide. Used as the primary method for gold/silver extraction, especially for low grade producers.

Cyanide:
A very toxic chemical used to dissolve gold and silver from the ore.

Cyanide:
A very toxic chemical used to dissolve gold and silver from the ore.

Cylinder:
A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion.  It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.

Cylinder:
A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion.  It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.

Cylinder:
A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion.  It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.

Cylinder:
A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion.  It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.

Cylinder:
A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion.  It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.

Dado:
A groove cut into one piece to accommodate another piece. A dado is three-sided and cut into a board, usually across the grain, as opposed to a rabbet, which has two sides and is at the edge of the board.

Dado:
A groove cut into one piece to accommodate another piece. A dado is three-sided and cut into a board, usually across the grain, as opposed to a rabbet, which has two sides and is at the edge of the board.

Dagger board :
A keel-like device that is manually raised and lowered vertically without using a hinge.

Dagger board :
A keel-like device that is manually raised and lowered vertically without using a hinge.

Damp:
Gases (other than air) in mines, usually in dangerous concentrations. Prefixes are attached to indicate various gases and situations (Black damp, white damp, fire damp, after damp, stink damp)

Damp:
Gases (other than air) in mines, usually in dangerous concentrations. Prefixes are attached to indicate various gases and situations (Black damp, white damp, fire damp, after damp, stink damp)

Dangling head:
A type of harvesting head, usually used on a CTL harvester, with a wrist-like action and attachment to the harvester boom. Also called a "single-grip harvesting head" and can rotate in all three axes.

Dangling head:
A type of harvesting head, usually used on a CTL harvester, with a wrist-like action and attachment to the harvester boom. Also called a "single-grip harvesting head" and can rotate in all three axes.

DBH:
See Diameter at breast height.

DBH:
See Diameter at breast height.

Dead ahead:
Directly ahead of the bow.

Dead ahead:
Directly ahead of the bow.

Deadband:
The region or band of no response where an error signal will not cause a corresponding actuation of the controlled variable.

Deadband:
The region or band of no response where an error signal will not cause a corresponding actuation of the controlled variable.

Deadband:
The region or band of no response where an error signal will not cause a corresponding actuation of the controlled variable.

Deadband:
The region or band of no response where an error signal will not cause a corresponding actuation of the controlled variable.

Deadband:
The region or band of no response where an error signal will not cause a corresponding actuation of the controlled variable.

Deadpile:
Stack lumber in units without stickers.

Deadpile:
Stack lumber in units without stickers.

Dead rise:
Degrees of V-shape hull angle measured at the transom of planing powerboats.

Dead rise:
Degrees of V-shape hull angle measured at the transom of planing powerboats.

Debark:
To remove bark from trees or logs.

Debark:
To remove bark from trees or logs.

Debarker:
Machine which removes bark from a log.

Debarker:
Machine which removes bark from a log.

Decay:
The decomposition of wood substance caused by the action of wood- destroying fungi, resulting in softening, loss of strength, weight, and often in change of texture and color.

Decay:
The decomposition of wood substance caused by the action of wood- destroying fungi, resulting in softening, loss of strength, weight, and often in change of texture and color.

Decay, brown rot:
Wood decay in which the attack concentrates on the cellulose and associated carbohydrates rather than on the lignin, producing a light to dark brown pliable residue. Sometimes referred to as "Dry rot".

Decay, brown rot:
Wood decay in which the attack concentrates on the cellulose and associated carbohydrates rather than on the lignin, producing a light to dark brown pliable residue. Sometimes referred to as "Dry rot".

Decay, heart rot:
Any rot characteristically confined to the heartwood originating in the living tree.

Decay, heart rot:
Any rot characteristically confined to the heartwood originating in the living tree.

Decay, incipient:
The early stage of decay that has not proceeded far enough to soften or otherwise apparently impair the hardness of the wood. It is usually accompanied by a slight discoloration or bleaching of wood.

Decay, incipient:
The early stage of decay that has not proceeded far enough to soften or otherwise apparently impair the hardness of the wood. It is usually accompanied by a slight discoloration or bleaching of wood.

Decay, white-rot:
Decay attacking both the cellulose and the lignin, producing a generally whitish residue that may be spongy or stringy.

Decay, white-rot:
Decay attacking both the cellulose and the lignin, producing a generally whitish residue that may be spongy or stringy.

Deciduous:
A type of tree with broad leaves that usually are shed annually, such as aspen.  Commonly referred to as Hardwood.

Deciduous:
A type of tree with broad leaves that usually are shed annually, such as aspen.  Commonly referred to as Hardwood.

Deck:
A stack of trees or logs.

Deck:
A stack of trees or logs.

Deck boat :
Blunt-bowed power boat generally characterized by an open deck and generous passenger

Deck boat :
Blunt-bowed power boat generally characterized by an open deck and generous passenger

Decompression:
The slow release of confined fluid to gradually reduce pressure on the fluid.

Decompression:
The slow release of confined fluid to gradually reduce pressure on the fluid.

Decompression:
The slow release of confined fluid to gradually reduce pressure on the fluid.

Decompression:
The slow release of confined fluid to gradually reduce pressure on the fluid.

Decompression:
The slow release of confined fluid to gradually reduce pressure on the fluid.

Deep-V :
A hull shape characterized by a sharp dead rise, typically more than 20 degrees.

Deep-V :
A hull shape characterized by a sharp dead rise, typically more than 20 degrees.

Defect:
A characteristic of a tree, log, lumber, or other product that makes it either less desirable or completely unsuitable for the intended purpose.  Examples are knots, decay, insect holes, and diagonal grain.

Defect:
A characteristic of a tree, log, lumber, or other product that makes it either less desirable or completely unsuitable for the intended purpose.  Examples are knots, decay, insect holes, and diagonal grain.

Deficient (deficiencies):
Short of certain nutrients.

Deficient (deficiencies):
Short of certain nutrients.

Degrade:
Drop in lumber grade due to manufacturing or drying practices.

Degrade:
Drop in lumber grade due to manufacturing or drying practices.

Dehumidifier kiln:
A kiln working on the heat pump principle. Moisture evaporated from the timber by a flow of warm air is condensed on the evaporator coils of a refrigeration unit and drained away. The refrigerant is compressed and passed through condenser coils, re-heating the air stream.

Dehumidifier kiln:
A kiln working on the heat pump principle. Moisture evaporated from the timber by a flow of warm air is condensed on the evaporator coils of a refrigeration unit and drained away. The refrigerant is compressed and passed through condenser coils, re-heating the air stream.

Dehusked:
To remove the outer layer (chaff) on grain.

Dehusked:
To remove the outer layer (chaff) on grain.

Delamination:
The separation of the layers of laminated wood or plywood at the glueline, usually caused by moisture, mismanufacture, or defective glue.

Delamination:
The separation of the layers of laminated wood or plywood at the glueline, usually caused by moisture, mismanufacture, or defective glue.

Delimber:
Landing-based piece of equipment used to limb trees brought in unlimbed, usually cut with full tree length harvesters. May be of the stroke delimber type or pull-through delimber model.

Delimber:
Landing-based piece of equipment used to limb trees brought in unlimbed, usually cut with full tree length harvesters. May be of the stroke delimber type or pull-through delimber model.

Delivery:
The volume of fluid discharged by a pump in a given time, usually expressed in gallons per minute (gpm).

Delivery:
The volume of fluid discharged by a pump in a given time, usually expressed in gallons per minute (gpm).

Delta:
The amount of change in a number, size or position.

Delta:
The amount of change in a number, size or position.

Delta:
The amount of change in a number, size or position.

Delta:
The amount of change in a number, size or position.

Delta:
The amount of change in a number, size or position.

Delta:
The amount of change in a number, size or position.

Dense:
A reference to the specific gravity of wood. Lumber classified as "dense" has six or more annual rings per inch, plus one-third or more summerwood, measured at either end. Pieces averaging less than six rings per inch also qualify if the rings average one-half or more summerwood.

Dense:
A reference to the specific gravity of wood. Lumber classified as "dense" has six or more annual rings per inch, plus one-third or more summerwood, measured at either end. Pieces averaging less than six rings per inch also qualify if the rings average one-half or more summerwood.

Density:
When applied to feed rations, describes the amount of nutrients within a measurement unit of the total ration.

Density:
When applied to feed rations, describes the amount of nutrients within a measurement unit of the total ration.

Density:
When applied to feed rations, describes the amount of nutrients within a measurement unit of the total ration.

Density:
When applied to feed rations, describes the amount of nutrients within a measurement unit of the total ration.

Deposit:
Natural mineralization under the ground in sufficient quantities to warrant further exploration.

Deposit:
Natural mineralization under the ground in sufficient quantities to warrant further exploration.

Depth sounder :
Electronic sonar device that displays water depth.

Depth sounder :
Electronic sonar device that displays water depth.

De-superheater:
A device for removing the excess heat in steam as its pressure is reduced.

De-superheater:
A device for removing the excess heat in steam as its pressure is reduced.

De-superheater:
A device for removing the excess heat in steam as its pressure is reduced.

De-superheater:
A device for removing the excess heat in steam as its pressure is reduced.

De-superheater:
A device for removing the excess heat in steam as its pressure is reduced.

Detectors:
Chemical or electronic instruments used to detect dangerous concentrations of mine gases.

Detectors:
Chemical or electronic instruments used to detect dangerous concentrations of mine gases.

Detonator:
Device containing a small charge used to detonate an explosive. Types include: blasting caps, delay electric blasting caps, exploders, electric detonators, etc.

Detonator:
Device containing a small charge used to detonate an explosive. Types include: blasting caps, delay electric blasting caps, exploders, electric detonators, etc.

Development drilling:
Drilling for the purpose of accurately estimating mineral reserves.

Development drilling:
Drilling for the purpose of accurately estimating mineral reserves.

De-vent:
To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve permitting the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.

De-vent:
To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve permitting the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.

De-vent:
To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve permitting the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.

De-vent:
To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve permitting the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.

De-vent:
To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve permitting the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.

Deviation :
The amount of error from displaying magnetic north in a boat's compass caused by the boat's own magnetic interference.

Deviation :
The amount of error from displaying magnetic north in a boat's compass caused by the boat's own magnetic interference.

Diameter at breast height (dbh):
Breast height of a tree is considered to be four and one-half feet above ground level.

Diameter at breast height (dbh):
Breast height of a tree is considered to be four and one-half feet above ground level.

Diameter inside bark (dib):
A measurement used in log scaling.

Diameter inside bark (dib):
A measurement used in log scaling.

Diamond:
Hardest known mineral, composed of pure carbon.

Diamond:
Hardest known mineral, composed of pure carbon.

Die (swage):
One of a pair of shaping tools, which, when moved toward each other, produce a certain desired form in an object.  In a swage tool the die is the movable part of the shaper, the anvil the fixed part.

Die (swage):
One of a pair of shaping tools, which, when moved toward each other, produce a certain desired form in an object.  In a swage tool the die is the movable part of the shaper, the anvil the fixed part.

Diet:
The total amount of feed ingredients (or mixture of ingedients) and drink for an animal.

Diet:
The total amount of feed ingredients (or mixture of ingedients) and drink for an animal.

Differential current:
The algebraic summation of the current in the torque motor; measured in MA (milliamperes).

Differential current:
The algebraic summation of the current in the torque motor; measured in MA (milliamperes).

Differential current:
The algebraic summation of the current in the torque motor; measured in MA (milliamperes).

Differential current:
The algebraic summation of the current in the torque motor; measured in MA (milliamperes).

Differential current:
The algebraic summation of the current in the torque motor; measured in MA (milliamperes).

Differential cylinder:
Any cylinder in which the two opposed piston areas are not equal.

Differential cylinder:
Any cylinder in which the two opposed piston areas are not equal.

Differential cylinder:
Any cylinder in which the two opposed piston areas are not equal.

Differential cylinder:
Any cylinder in which the two opposed piston areas are not equal.

Differential cylinder:
Any cylinder in which the two opposed piston areas are not equal.

Diffusion:
Movement of moisture from areas of high to low concentration or temperature.

Diffusion:
Movement of moisture from areas of high to low concentration or temperature.

Diffusion:
Movement of moisture from areas of high to low concentration or temperature.

Diffusion:
Movement of moisture from areas of high to low concentration or temperature.

Diffusion:
Movement of moisture from areas of high to low concentration or temperature.

Digester:
An airtight vessel or enclosure in which bacteria decomposes biomass in water to produce biogas.

Digester:
An airtight vessel or enclosure in which bacteria decomposes biomass in water to produce biogas.

Digestible:
Ration easily digested by the animal.

Digestible:
Ration easily digested by the animal.

Digestible Dry Matter (DDM):
Is an estimate of digestible fibre in a forage sample.  Different formulas are used to calculate this value depending on the laboratory.

Digestible Dry Matter (DDM):
Is an estimate of digestible fibre in a forage sample.  Different formulas are used to calculate this value depending on the laboratory.

Digestible Energy (DE):
Is the gross intake energy minus the fecal energy.  An indication of the actual amount of energy the animal has available for use.

Digestible Energy (DE):
Is the gross intake energy minus the fecal energy.  An indication of the actual amount of energy the animal has available for use.

Digestible Protein (DCP):
The amount of crude protein actually absorbed by the animal (crude protein minus the protein lost in feces).

Digestible Protein (DCP):
The amount of crude protein actually absorbed by the animal (crude protein minus the protein lost in feces).

Digestion:
Refers to all changes that feed undergoes within the digestive tract, with the end result being that the broken down products are absorbed from the digestive tract for use by the animal.

Digestion:
Refers to all changes that feed undergoes within the digestive tract, with the end result being that the broken down products are absorbed from the digestive tract for use by the animal.

Diluent:
An edible substance used to mix with and reduce the concentrate of nutrients and/or additives to make them more acceptable to animals, safer to use and more capable of being mixed uniformly in a feed.

Diluent:
An edible substance used to mix with and reduce the concentrate of nutrients and/or additives to make them more acceptable to animals, safer to use and more capable of being mixed uniformly in a feed.

Dilution:
Waste rock that is unavoidably removed and mixed in with the ore. This lowers the grade of the ore.

Dilution:
Waste rock that is unavoidably removed and mixed in with the ore. This lowers the grade of the ore.

Dimensional lumber:
Refers to the wood used in constructing the wall, floor and roof framing of a platform frame (2x4) house. Dimensional lumber is manufactured in a variety of sizes for use in wall framing, flooring systems, and roof trusses, as well as for exterior applications.

Dimensional lumber:
Refers to the wood used in constructing the wall, floor and roof framing of a platform frame (2x4) house. Dimensional lumber is manufactured in a variety of sizes for use in wall framing, flooring systems, and roof trusses, as well as for exterior applications.

Dimension lumber:
Lumber that is sold in a nominal dimension.  For example, a 2x4 is dimension lumber with an actual finished size of 1.5” thick by 3.5” wide.

Dimension lumber:
Lumber that is sold in a nominal dimension.  For example, a 2x4 is dimension lumber with an actual finished size of 1.5” thick by 3.5” wide.

Dinghy :
A small sailboat often raced that can be sailed on and off a beach. Also a tender, either rowed or equipped with power, used to go to and from a larger vessel.

Dinghy :
A small sailboat often raced that can be sailed on and off a beach. Also a tender, either rowed or equipped with power, used to go to and from a larger vessel.

Direct drive :
An engine configuration in which the drive shaft runs in a straight driveline through the bottom of the hull.

Direct drive :
An engine configuration in which the drive shaft runs in a straight driveline through the bottom of the hull.

Directional valve:
A valve which selectively directs or prevents fluid flow to desired channels.

Directional valve:
A valve which selectively directs or prevents fluid flow to desired channels.

Directional valve:
A valve which selectively directs or prevents fluid flow to desired channels.

Directional valve:
A valve which selectively directs or prevents fluid flow to desired channels.

Directional valve:
A valve which selectively directs or prevents fluid flow to desired channels.

Dish:
Used to describe the shape of a "dished" or open saw one that does not stand up straight, because it has been stretched too much in the inner area for the speed at which it is run.  Hence, it assumes a dish shape.

Dish:
Used to describe the shape of a "dished" or open saw one that does not stand up straight, because it has been stretched too much in the inner area for the speed at which it is run.  Hence, it assumes a dish shape.

Displacement:
The quantity of fluid which can pass through a pump, motor or cylinder in a single revolution or stroke.

Displacement:
The quantity of fluid which can pass through a pump, motor or cylinder in a single revolution or stroke.

Displacement:
The quantity of fluid which can pass through a pump, motor or cylinder in a single revolution or stroke.

Displacement:
The quantity of fluid which can pass through a pump, motor or cylinder in a single revolution or stroke.

Displacement:
The quantity of fluid which can pass through a pump, motor or cylinder in a single revolution or stroke.

Displacement :
The weight of water displaced by a hull. Also, a type of hull that smoothly displaces water as opposed to riding on top of it.

Displacement :
The weight of water displaced by a hull. Also, a type of hull that smoothly displaces water as opposed to riding on top of it.

Displacement hull :
A hull shape designed to run through water rather than on top of it in the manner of a planing hull.

Displacement hull :
A hull shape designed to run through water rather than on top of it in the manner of a planing hull.

Disseminated ore:
Ore spread more or less uniformly through the waste rock (gangue). Opposite of Massive ore.

Disseminated ore:
Ore spread more or less uniformly through the waste rock (gangue). Opposite of Massive ore.

Dissolving pulp:
A special grade of chemical pulp, usually made from wood or cotton linters, for use in the manufacture of regenerated cellulose (viscose rayon and cellophane) or cellulose derivatives such as acetate, nitrate, and others.

Dissolving pulp:
A special grade of chemical pulp, usually made from wood or cotton linters, for use in the manufacture of regenerated cellulose (viscose rayon and cellophane) or cellulose derivatives such as acetate, nitrate, and others.

Dither:
A low amplitude, relatively high frequency periodic electrical signal, sometimes superimposed on the servo valve input to improve system resolution.  Dither is expressed by the dither frequency (Hz) and the peak-to-peak dither current amplitude (ma).

Dither:
A low amplitude, relatively high frequency periodic electrical signal, sometimes superimposed on the servo valve input to improve system resolution.  Dither is expressed by the dither frequency (Hz) and the peak-to-peak dither current amplitude (ma).

Dither:
A low amplitude, relatively high frequency periodic electrical signal, sometimes superimposed on the servo valve input to improve system resolution.  Dither is expressed by the dither frequency (Hz) and the peak-to-peak dither current amplitude (ma).

Dither:
A low amplitude, relatively high frequency periodic electrical signal, sometimes superimposed on the servo valve input to improve system resolution.  Dither is expressed by the dither frequency (Hz) and the peak-to-peak dither current amplitude (ma).

Dither:
A low amplitude, relatively high frequency periodic electrical signal, sometimes superimposed on the servo valve input to improve system resolution.  Dither is expressed by the dither frequency (Hz) and the peak-to-peak dither current amplitude (ma).

Doming head:
Equipment used to form a dome (chamfer) on the end of roundwood posts. Consists of a rotating cutterhead. Also called capping.

Doming head:
Equipment used to form a dome (chamfer) on the end of roundwood posts. Consists of a rotating cutterhead. Also called capping.

Door carrier:
A device that lifts dry kiln doors and moves them away from the kiln opening along an overhead track.

Door carrier:
A device that lifts dry kiln doors and moves them away from the kiln opening along an overhead track.

Doors, access:
Small doors, usually located at ground level, which permit operator access to and escape from the dry kiln interior.

Doors, access:
Small doors, usually located at ground level, which permit operator access to and escape from the dry kiln interior.

Doors, kiln:
Large openings through which lumber passes when loading a kiln.

Doors, kiln:
Large openings through which lumber passes when loading a kiln.

Dore:
Unrefined gold or silver bullion bars which still need further processing to become pure metal.

Dore:
Unrefined gold or silver bullion bars which still need further processing to become pure metal.

Double acting cylinder:
A cylinder in which fluid force can be applied to the movable element in either direction.

Double acting cylinder:
A cylinder in which fluid force can be applied to the movable element in either direction.

Double sheave:
A pulley block with two grooved wheels.

Double sheave:
A pulley block with two grooved wheels.

Double sheave:
A pulley block with two grooved wheels.

Double sheave:
A pulley block with two grooved wheels.

Doweled products:
Roundwood with a tenon on the end to fit in a hole. Equipment used to create the tenon is called a tenoner.

Doweled products:
Roundwood with a tenon on the end to fit in a hole. Equipment used to create the tenon is called a tenoner.

Doweled rail fencing:
A fencing system using rails with tenons on the ends of the rails which fit into a corresponding hole in a fence post.

Doweled rail fencing:
A fencing system using rails with tenons on the ends of the rails which fit into a corresponding hole in a fence post.

Doweled wood:
Roundwood turned to an exact diameter the entire length. Equipment used for this process are often called rounding machines or dowelers.

Doweled wood:
Roundwood turned to an exact diameter the entire length. Equipment used for this process are often called rounding machines or dowelers.

Dowel mill:
Equipment used to process roundwood to an exact diameter the entire length. Also called a rounding machine.

Dowel mill:
Equipment used to process roundwood to an exact diameter the entire length. Also called a rounding machine.

Downdraft gasifier:
A gasifier in which the product gases pass through a combustion zone at the bottom of the gasifier.

Downdraft gasifier:
A gasifier in which the product gases pass through a combustion zone at the bottom of the gasifier.

Downrigger :
A gunwale-mounted weighted line device used for deep-water trolling.

Downrigger :
A gunwale-mounted weighted line device used for deep-water trolling.

Doyle Log Rule:
The Doyle Log Rule, developed around 1825, is based on a mathematical formula and is widely used throughout the southern United States. This rule allows for a saw kerf of 5/16 inch and a slabbing allowance of 4 inches, which is about twice the normal amount. Because of this, the Doyle Rule is somewhat inconsistent; it underestimates small logs and overestimates large logs. As a seller of timber, you must be aware that for smaller logs the Doyle Rule will underestimate the actual volume of wood that you have in your trees. (Also see Scribner and International Rule.)

Doyle Log Rule:
The Doyle Log Rule, developed around 1825, is based on a mathematical formula and is widely used throughout the southern United States. This rule allows for a saw kerf of 5/16 inch and a slabbing allowance of 4 inches, which is about twice the normal amount. Because of this, the Doyle Rule is somewhat inconsistent; it underestimates small logs and overestimates large logs. As a seller of timber, you must be aware that for smaller logs the Doyle Rule will underestimate the actual volume of wood that you have in your trees. (Also see Scribner and International Rule.)

Draft :
Vertical distance a boat penetrates the water.

Draft :
Vertical distance a boat penetrates the water.

Dragline:
Large surface mining equipment used to remove overburden above a deposit. Has a long boom and large bucket which is thrown outwards, then dragged back towards the machine.

Dragline:
Large surface mining equipment used to remove overburden above a deposit. Has a long boom and large bucket which is thrown outwards, then dragged back towards the machine.

Drain:
A passage in, or a line from, a hydraulic component which returns leakage fluid independently to reservoir or to a vented manifold.

Drain:
A passage in, or a line from, a hydraulic component which returns leakage fluid independently to reservoir or to a vented manifold.

Drain:
A passage in, or a line from, a hydraulic component which returns leakage fluid independently to reservoir or to a vented manifold.

Drain:
A passage in, or a line from, a hydraulic component which returns leakage fluid independently to reservoir or to a vented manifold.

Drain:
A passage in, or a line from, a hydraulic component which returns leakage fluid independently to reservoir or to a vented manifold.

Dredging:
Process of using a machine to dig up and sift through placer deposits in a watercourse.

Dredging:
Process of using a machine to dig up and sift through placer deposits in a watercourse.

Dressed lumber:
Lumber that has been trimmed and planed at the sawmill.

Dressed lumber:
Lumber that has been trimmed and planed at the sawmill.

Dressed size:
The dimensions of lumber after being surfaced with a planing machine.  A 2- by 4-inch stud, for example, actually measures about 1-1/2 by 3-1/2 inches.

Dressed size:
The dimensions of lumber after being surfaced with a planing machine.  A 2- by 4-inch stud, for example, actually measures about 1-1/2 by 3-1/2 inches.

Dressing:
Treatment of ores to concentrate their minerals into concentrates and to collect waste to be discarded as tailings.

Dressing:
Treatment of ores to concentrate their minerals into concentrates and to collect waste to be discarded as tailings.

Drill:
Machine using rotation, percussion (hammering) or a combination of both to make holes.

Drill:
Machine using rotation, percussion (hammering) or a combination of both to make holes.

Drill hole:
A small diameter hole created when recovering a core for geological information. Also a hole used to plant explosives.

Drill hole:
A small diameter hole created when recovering a core for geological information. Also a hole used to plant explosives.

Drive pulley:
The first of a train of wheels, giving motion to the rest.

Drive pulley:
The first of a train of wheels, giving motion to the rest.

Drive pulley:
The first of a train of wheels, giving motion to the rest.

Drive pulley:
The first of a train of wheels, giving motion to the rest.

Drogue:
A parachute-like sea anchor.

Drogue:
A parachute-like sea anchor.

Dry:
Seasoned, usually to a moisture content of less than 19%.

Dry:
Seasoned, usually to a moisture content of less than 19%.

Drybulb:
A sensing device (thermometer) that measures the temperature of the air.

Drybulb:
A sensing device (thermometer) that measures the temperature of the air.

Dryers:
Dryers/Coolers reduce the temperature of feed pellets to ambient(or less) and/or reduce the moisture content to 10-12%(or less).  Two basic types exist, horizontal and vertical.

Dryers:
Dryers/Coolers reduce the temperature of feed pellets to ambient(or less) and/or reduce the moisture content to 10-12%(or less).  Two basic types exist, horizontal and vertical.

Dry feeds:
Complete feeds, hay and supplements - feeds that are around 90% dry matter.

Dry feeds:
Complete feeds, hay and supplements - feeds that are around 90% dry matter.

Drying defect:
A feature developing during drying which may decrease the value of a piece of timber.

Drying defect:
A feature developing during drying which may decrease the value of a piece of timber.

Drying schedule:
A sequence of kiln conditions which result in a gradual decrease in moisture content of the wood.

Drying schedule:
A sequence of kiln conditions which result in a gradual decrease in moisture content of the wood.

Dry kiln:
A chamber in which lumber is dried by controlling the moisture, temperature and air circulation.

Dry kiln:
A chamber in which lumber is dried by controlling the moisture, temperature and air circulation.

Dry lumber:
As applied to softwoods, lumber sold as "dry" or "kiln dried" is at 19% or lower moisture content, as specified by the American Softwood Lumber Standards. Hardwoods are generally considered dry when at 10% or lower moisture content, although there is no definitive standard as with softwood species.

Dry lumber:
As applied to softwoods, lumber sold as "dry" or "kiln dried" is at 19% or lower moisture content, as specified by the American Softwood Lumber Standards. Hardwoods are generally considered dry when at 10% or lower moisture content, although there is no definitive standard as with softwood species.

Dry matter (DM):
Total weight of feed minus the weight of water in the feed, expressed as a percentage.  Also referred to as: dry, dry basis, dry result or moisture-free basis.

Dry matter (DM):
Total weight of feed minus the weight of water in the feed, expressed as a percentage.  Also referred to as: dry, dry basis, dry result or moisture-free basis.

Dry Matter Intake (DMI):
All the nutrients contained in the dry portion of the feed consumed by animals.

Dry Matter Intake (DMI):
All the nutrients contained in the dry portion of the feed consumed by animals.

Dry rot:
A term loosely applied to any dry, crumbly rot but especially to that which, when in advanced stage, permits the wood to be crushed easily to dry powder.

Dry rot:
A term loosely applied to any dry, crumbly rot but especially to that which, when in advanced stage, permits the wood to be crushed easily to dry powder.

Dry weight:
The oven-dry weight, or simply dry weight, is the weight of wood after drying to a constant weight at a temperature slightly above the boiling point of water (215° to 220°F).

Dry weight:
The oven-dry weight, or simply dry weight, is the weight of wood after drying to a constant weight at a temperature slightly above the boiling point of water (215° to 220°F).

Dry weight :
Weight of the boat without fuel and fresh water.

Dry weight :
Weight of the boat without fuel and fresh water.

Dual-console boat :
A type of boat with twin dashboards separated by a centerline walk-through deck leading to the bow.

Dual-console boat :
A type of boat with twin dashboards separated by a centerline walk-through deck leading to the bow.

Dump:
Waste material extracted during mining and placed on the surface in a large pile. Also known as a waste dump, pile, heap, tip, spoil, pike, etc. Also the actual act of unloading or the mechanism for unloading a load.

Dump:
Waste material extracted during mining and placed on the surface in a large pile. Also known as a waste dump, pile, heap, tip, spoil, pike, etc. Also the actual act of unloading or the mechanism for unloading a load.

Dump truck:
A large earth moving vehicle whose carrying box can be tilted to discharge its load.

Dump truck:
A large earth moving vehicle whose carrying box can be tilted to discharge its load.

E-10:
A mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline based on volume.

E-10:
A mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline based on volume.

E-85:
A mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline based on volume.

E-85:
A mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline based on volume.

Earlywood:
The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed during the early part of the growing season.  It is usually less dense and weaker mechanically than latewood.

Earlywood:
The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed during the early part of the growing season.  It is usually less dense and weaker mechanically than latewood.

Edger:
A machine used to square-edge wany lumber and also to rip lumber.  It consists of a frame supporting an arbor on which is mounted one to several saws and transmission gear.

Edger:
A machine used to square-edge wany lumber and also to rip lumber.  It consists of a frame supporting an arbor on which is mounted one to several saws and transmission gear.

Edging:
Trimming the width of a board of defects.

Edging:
Trimming the width of a board of defects.

Efficiency:
The ratio of output to input.  Volumetric efficiency of a pump is the actual output in gpm divided by the theoretical or design output.  The overall efficiency of a hydraulic system is the output power divided by the input power.  Efficiency is usually expressed as a percent.

Efficiency:
The ratio of output to input.  Volumetric efficiency of a pump is the actual output in gpm divided by the theoretical or design output.  The overall efficiency of a hydraulic system is the output power divided by the input power.  Efficiency is usually expressed as a percent.

Efficiency:
The ratio of output to input.  Volumetric efficiency of a pump is the actual output in gpm divided by the theoretical or design output.  The overall efficiency of a hydraulic system is the output power divided by the input power.  Efficiency is usually expressed as a percent.

Efficiency:
The ratio of output to input.  Volumetric efficiency of a pump is the actual output in gpm divided by the theoretical or design output.  The overall efficiency of a hydraulic system is the output power divided by the input power.  Efficiency is usually expressed as a percent.

Efficiency:
The ratio of output to input.  Volumetric efficiency of a pump is the actual output in gpm divided by the theoretical or design output.  The overall efficiency of a hydraulic system is the output power divided by the input power.  Efficiency is usually expressed as a percent.

Effluent:
The liquid or gas discharged from a process or chemical reactor, usually containing residues from that process.

Effluent:
The liquid or gas discharged from a process or chemical reactor, usually containing residues from that process.

Electro-hydraulic servo valve:
A directional type valve which receives a variable or controlled electrical signal and which controls or meters hydraulic flow.

Electro-hydraulic servo valve:
A directional type valve which receives a variable or controlled electrical signal and which controls or meters hydraulic flow.

Electro-hydraulic servo valve:
A directional type valve which receives a variable or controlled electrical signal and which controls or meters hydraulic flow.

Electro-hydraulic servo valve:
A directional type valve which receives a variable or controlled electrical signal and which controls or meters hydraulic flow.

Electro-hydraulic servo valve:
A directional type valve which receives a variable or controlled electrical signal and which controls or meters hydraulic flow.

Electrolysis:
Process where an electric current is passed through a solution containing dissolved metals, causing the metals to be deposited on to a cathode.

Electrolysis:
Process where an electric current is passed through a solution containing dissolved metals, causing the metals to be deposited on to a cathode.

Electrostatic separator:
Machine using static electrical charges to separate mineral concentrates.

Electrostatic separator:
Machine using static electrical charges to separate mineral concentrates.

Element:
Substance composed of atoms that can't be broken down further by ordinary means.

Element:
Substance composed of atoms that can't be broken down further by ordinary means.

Elevator:
A building or terminal where grain is elevated and transferred to an alternate mode of transportation (e.g. truck to rail, rail to ship).

Elevator:
A building or terminal where grain is elevated and transferred to an alternate mode of transportation (e.g. truck to rail, rail to ship).

EM survey:
A geophysical method of surveying where the electromagnetic properties of rocks are measured.

EM survey:
A geophysical method of surveying where the electromagnetic properties of rocks are measured.

Encoder:
Device attached to a moving chain that produces an electrical signal each time the chain moves a fixed distance.  The encoder is attached to the chain and used to track the movement of the pieces through a scanner.

Encoder:
Device attached to a moving chain that produces an electrical signal each time the chain moves a fixed distance.  The encoder is attached to the chain and used to track the movement of the pieces through a scanner.

Encoder:
Device attached to a moving chain that produces an electrical signal each time the chain moves a fixed distance.  The encoder is attached to the chain and used to track the movement of the pieces through a scanner.

Encoder:
Device attached to a moving chain that produces an electrical signal each time the chain moves a fixed distance.  The encoder is attached to the chain and used to track the movement of the pieces through a scanner.

Encoder:
Device attached to a moving chain that produces an electrical signal each time the chain moves a fixed distance.  The encoder is attached to the chain and used to track the movement of the pieces through a scanner.

Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work.  Measured in units of work.

Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work.  Measured in units of work.

Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work.  Measured in units of work.

Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work.  Measured in units of work.

Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work.  Measured in units of work.

Energy crops (Bioenergy crops):
Are fast-growing crops that are grown for the specific purpose of producing energy (electricity, thermal energy, solid or liquid fuels) from all or part of the resulting plant.

Energy crops (Bioenergy crops):
Are fast-growing crops that are grown for the specific purpose of producing energy (electricity, thermal energy, solid or liquid fuels) from all or part of the resulting plant.

Engineered wood products:
A composite wood product using glued fiber, lumber and/or veneer to meet specific design criteria. Such products include laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL), and structural I-beams. Products under development include various molded, extruded, and other structural and non-structural composites. Although engineered wood products have a number of advantages over solid lumber (including the ability to make large-sized members from small diameter trees), engineered wood products are more costly to produce than lumber and require the use of more energy to manufacture.

Engineered wood products:
A composite wood product using glued fiber, lumber and/or veneer to meet specific design criteria. Such products include laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL), and structural I-beams. Products under development include various molded, extruded, and other structural and non-structural composites. Although engineered wood products have a number of advantages over solid lumber (including the ability to make large-sized members from small diameter trees), engineered wood products are more costly to produce than lumber and require the use of more energy to manufacture.

Entering air control:
Sensing and controlling drybulb temperatures of heated kiln air as it enters the lumber load.

Entering air control:
Sensing and controlling drybulb temperatures of heated kiln air as it enters the lumber load.

Environment:

The aggregate of physical, chemical and biological factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival.


Environment:

The aggregate of physical, chemical and biological factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival.


Environment:

The aggregate of physical, chemical and biological factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival.


Environment:

The aggregate of physical, chemical and biological factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival.


Environment:

The aggregate of physical, chemical and biological factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival.


Environmental study:
Study done to determine how a proposed mining operation would impact the natural surrounding and wildlife.

Environmental study:
Study done to determine how a proposed mining operation would impact the natural surrounding and wildlife.

Enzyme:
A protein or protein-based molecule that speeds up chemical reactions occurring in living things. Enzymes act as catalysts for a single reaction, converting a specific set of reactants into specific products.

Enzyme:
A protein or protein-based molecule that speeds up chemical reactions occurring in living things. Enzymes act as catalysts for a single reaction, converting a specific set of reactants into specific products.

Equalization:
The process of narrowing the moisture distribution between boards at the end of a drying charge.

Equalization:
The process of narrowing the moisture distribution between boards at the end of a drying charge.

Equilibrium moisture content (EMC):
The moisture content at which wood neither gains nor loses moisture when surrounded by air at a given relative humidity and temperature.

Equilibrium moisture content (EMC):
The moisture content at which wood neither gains nor loses moisture when surrounded by air at a given relative humidity and temperature.

Error (signal):
The signal which is the albraic summation of an input signal and a feedback signal.

Error (signal):
The signal which is the albraic summation of an input signal and a feedback signal.

Error (signal):
The signal which is the albraic summation of an input signal and a feedback signal.

Error (signal):
The signal which is the albraic summation of an input signal and a feedback signal.

Error (signal):
The signal which is the albraic summation of an input signal and a feedback signal.

Ethanol:
A colorless, flammable liquid produced by fermentation of sugars. Ethanol is used as a fuel oxygenate. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

Ethanol:
A colorless, flammable liquid produced by fermentation of sugars. Ethanol is used as a fuel oxygenate. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

Eutrophic:
Nutrient enriched.

Eutrophic:
Nutrient enriched.

Eutrophication:
The process of nutrient enrichment.

Eutrophication:
The process of nutrient enrichment.

Evaluation:
The calculated cost of mine construction in comparison to the value of the deposit.

Evaluation:
The calculated cost of mine construction in comparison to the value of the deposit.

Evaporate:
Changing water from a liquid to a vapor form.

Evaporate:
Changing water from a liquid to a vapor form.

Evaporate:
Changing water from a liquid to a vapor form.

Evaporate:
Changing water from a liquid to a vapor form.

Evaporate:
Changing water from a liquid to a vapor form.

Excess air:
Refers to the quantity of air supplied that exceeds the minimum necessary to support the combustion chemistry.

Excess air:
Refers to the quantity of air supplied that exceeds the minimum necessary to support the combustion chemistry.

Excess air:
Refers to the quantity of air supplied that exceeds the minimum necessary to support the combustion chemistry.

Excess air:
Refers to the quantity of air supplied that exceeds the minimum necessary to support the combustion chemistry.

Excess air:
Refers to the quantity of air supplied that exceeds the minimum necessary to support the combustion chemistry.

Exiting air control:
Sensing and controlling drybulb temperatures of heated dry kiln air as it leaves the lumber load.

Exiting air control:
Sensing and controlling drybulb temperatures of heated dry kiln air as it leaves the lumber load.

Expander:
Equipment to process feed ingredients prior to pelleting where moisture, pressure, and temperature are used to gelatinize the starch portion. The net result is increased nutritional and sensoric properties of the feed.

Expander:
Equipment to process feed ingredients prior to pelleting where moisture, pressure, and temperature are used to gelatinize the starch portion. The net result is increased nutritional and sensoric properties of the feed.

Expansion factor:
With respect to chips, bark, sawdust, and shavings, the ratio of volume occupied in one of these forms to the volume of solid wood before conversion.

Expansion factor:
With respect to chips, bark, sawdust, and shavings, the ratio of volume occupied in one of these forms to the volume of solid wood before conversion.

Exploration:
The search for new mineral/ore deposits. Includes prospecting, sampling, mapping, drilling, etc.

Exploration:
The search for new mineral/ore deposits. Includes prospecting, sampling, mapping, drilling, etc.

Explosive:
Rapidly combustive or expanding substance whose energy released can be used to break rock.

Explosive:
Rapidly combustive or expanding substance whose energy released can be used to break rock.

Externality:
A cost or benefit not accounted for in the price of goods or services. Often refers to the cost of pollution and other environmental impacts.

Externality:
A cost or benefit not accounted for in the price of goods or services. Often refers to the cost of pollution and other environmental impacts.

Extraction:
The mining and removal of ore from a mine.

Extraction:
The mining and removal of ore from a mine.

Extractive:
Substances in wood, not an integral part of the cellular structure, that can be removed by solution in hot or cold water, ether, benzene, or other solvents that do not react chemically with wood components.

Extractive:
Substances in wood, not an integral part of the cellular structure, that can be removed by solution in hot or cold water, ether, benzene, or other solvents that do not react chemically with wood components.

Extruded:
A process by which feed has been pressed, pushed or protruded through orifices under pressure.

Extruded:
A process by which feed has been pressed, pushed or protruded through orifices under pressure.

Extruders:
Essentially a long barrel with a screw auger inside which is designed to subject feed mixtures to high heat and steam pressure.  Allows feed to be made with many different characteristics.

Extruders:
Essentially a long barrel with a screw auger inside which is designed to subject feed mixtures to high heat and steam pressure.  Allows feed to be made with many different characteristics.

Eye:
The hole in the center of a circular saw blade so it can be fitted on the arbor.

Eye:
The hole in the center of a circular saw blade so it can be fitted on the arbor.

Face bevel:
Saw tooth faces may be straight or angled (beveled) in one of several ways with respect to each other.  The bevel is the angle to which the saw is filed with respect to the saw body.  Teeth filed at 90 to the saw body are said to be straight.  If they deviate from this, they are "beveled".

Face bevel:
Saw tooth faces may be straight or angled (beveled) in one of several ways with respect to each other.  The bevel is the angle to which the saw is filed with respect to the saw body.  Teeth filed at 90 to the saw body are said to be straight.  If they deviate from this, they are "beveled".

Face veneer:
1.  High quality veneer that is used for the exposed surfaces on plywood.
2.  The decorative veneer on the face of the panel; the exposed side, be it wall paneling,
     furniture, cabinet or other.

Face veneer:
1.  High quality veneer that is used for the exposed surfaces on plywood.
2.  The decorative veneer on the face of the panel; the exposed side, be it wall paneling,
     furniture, cabinet or other.

Factory lumber:
Lumber intended to be remanufactured after it leaves the sawmill.

Factory lumber:
Lumber intended to be remanufactured after it leaves the sawmill.

Fahrenheit (F):
The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees F and boils at 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric conditions.  F = (C x 1.8) + 32.

Fahrenheit (F):
The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees F and boils at 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric conditions.  F = (C x 1.8) + 32.

Fahrenheit (F):
The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees F and boils at 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric conditions.  F = (C x 1.8) + 32.

Fahrenheit (F):
The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees F and boils at 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric conditions.  F = (C x 1.8) + 32.

Fahrenheit (F):
The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees F and boils at 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric conditions.  F = (C x 1.8) + 32.

Fahrenheit (F):
The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees F and boils at 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric conditions.  F = (C x 1.8) + 32.

Fan deck:
The overhead area in a dry kiln where the fans are mounted.

Fan deck:
The overhead area in a dry kiln where the fans are mounted.

Fan pitch:
The angle of the fan blades measured one-third of the fan radius in from the tip.

Fan pitch:
The angle of the fan blades measured one-third of the fan radius in from the tip.

Fan pitch:
The angle of the fan blades measured one-third of the fan radius in from the tip.

Fan pitch:
The angle of the fan blades measured one-third of the fan radius in from the tip.

Fan pitch:
The angle of the fan blades measured one-third of the fan radius in from the tip.

Fan pitch:
The angle of the fan blades measured one-third of the fan radius in from the tip.

Fans, cross-shaft:
Multiple fans mounted on a single shaft, which extends the length of a dry kiln.

Fans, cross-shaft:
Multiple fans mounted on a single shaft, which extends the length of a dry kiln.

Fans, variable-speed:
Fans whose motors turn at infinitely variable speeds by varying the line frequency of the power source.

Fans, variable-speed:
Fans whose motors turn at infinitely variable speeds by varying the line frequency of the power source.

Fans, variable-speed:
Fans whose motors turn at infinitely variable speeds by varying the line frequency of the power source.

Fans, variable-speed:
Fans whose motors turn at infinitely variable speeds by varying the line frequency of the power source.

Fans, variable-speed:
Fans whose motors turn at infinitely variable speeds by varying the line frequency of the power source.

Fans, variable-speed:
Fans whose motors turn at infinitely variable speeds by varying the line frequency of the power source.

Fan system:
The air moving equipment within a dry kiln.

Fan system:
The air moving equipment within a dry kiln.

Farm-made Feed:
Feeds consisting of one or more artificial and/or natural feedstuffs, produced for the exclusive use of a particular farming activity, not for commercial sale or profit.

Farm-made Feed:
Feeds consisting of one or more artificial and/or natural feedstuffs, produced for the exclusive use of a particular farming activity, not for commercial sale or profit.

Fascia:
A vertical board nailed to the lower ends of rafters.

Fascia:
A vertical board nailed to the lower ends of rafters.

Fast saw:
A circular saw that wobbles, weaves, or snakes because the rim is too long for the speed at which it runs.

Fast saw:
A circular saw that wobbles, weaves, or snakes because the rim is too long for the speed at which it runs.

Fathom :
Nautical depth measurement equalling six feet.

Fathom :
Nautical depth measurement equalling six feet.

Fat sprayer:
Equipment that applies liquid fat and/or flavors to the outer surface of feed.  Types include vacuum infusion, high speed mixing, nozzles/rotating reels and curtain/spinning discs.

Fat sprayer:
Equipment that applies liquid fat and/or flavors to the outer surface of feed.  Types include vacuum infusion, high speed mixing, nozzles/rotating reels and curtain/spinning discs.

FBM:
Feet, board, measure.

FBM:
Feet, board, measure.

Feasibility study:
The financial or economic evaluation of the entire costs of building, putting a mine into production and whether the mine can make a profit at current/future mineral prices.

Feasibility study:
The financial or economic evaluation of the entire costs of building, putting a mine into production and whether the mine can make a profit at current/future mineral prices.

Fed cattle:
Steers and heifers that have been fed concentrates, usually for 90-120 days in a feedlot.

Fed cattle:
Steers and heifers that have been fed concentrates, usually for 90-120 days in a feedlot.

Feed:
Edible material that provides nourishment in the form of energy and for building tissues. Contributes to the normal physiological function and metabolic homeostasis of an organism, by the oral provision of nutrients to any kind or class of animal.

Feed:
Edible material that provides nourishment in the form of energy and for building tissues. Contributes to the normal physiological function and metabolic homeostasis of an organism, by the oral provision of nutrients to any kind or class of animal.

Feedback loop:
Any closed circuit consisting of one or more forward elements and one or more feedback elements.

Feedback loop:
Any closed circuit consisting of one or more forward elements and one or more feedback elements.

Feedback loop:
Any closed circuit consisting of one or more forward elements and one or more feedback elements.

Feedback loop:
Any closed circuit consisting of one or more forward elements and one or more feedback elements.

Feedback (or feedback signal):
The output signal from a feedback element.

Feedback (or feedback signal):
The output signal from a feedback element.

Feedback (or feedback signal):
The output signal from a feedback element.

Feedback (or feedback signal):
The output signal from a feedback element.

Feed blocks:
Nutritional materials pressed into a block form which animals lick or nibble. Used usually as a vehicle for protein and mineral-vitamin mixes with a variable amount of carbohydrate in the form of cereal grain or molasses.

Feed blocks:
Nutritional materials pressed into a block form which animals lick or nibble. Used usually as a vehicle for protein and mineral-vitamin mixes with a variable amount of carbohydrate in the form of cereal grain or molasses.

Feed budget:
Comparison of feed required with feed available and likely to be grown during the time of the budget projection.

Feed budget:
Comparison of feed required with feed available and likely to be grown during the time of the budget projection.

Feed Contaminant:
A substance contaminating animal feed and can threaten animal and/or human health. Contaminants can be naturally or non naturally occurring.

Feed Contaminant:
A substance contaminating animal feed and can threaten animal and/or human health. Contaminants can be naturally or non naturally occurring.

Feed conversion:
Units of production (lb or kg weight gain) per unit of feed fed (lb or kg weight of feed fed) during a specified time period.

Feed conversion:
Units of production (lb or kg weight gain) per unit of feed fed (lb or kg weight of feed fed) during a specified time period.

Feed efficiency:
The amount of feed required to produce one unit of product, such as pounds (kg) of feed to produce one pound (kg) body weight gain, or one pound (kg) of milk or one dozen eggs. Also referred to as feed conversion rate (FCR).

Feed efficiency:
The amount of feed required to produce one unit of product, such as pounds (kg) of feed to produce one pound (kg) body weight gain, or one pound (kg) of milk or one dozen eggs. Also referred to as feed conversion rate (FCR).

Feed formula:
The list of ingredients and their inclusion levels that are required to make up a ration.

Feed formula:
The list of ingredients and their inclusion levels that are required to make up a ration.

Feed grade:
Said of a consignment of grain. Suitable for animal feed but not for human consumption.

Feed grade:
Said of a consignment of grain. Suitable for animal feed but not for human consumption.

Feed grain:
Any of several grains most commonly used for livestock or poultry feed, including corn, grain sorghum, oats, rye, and barley.

Feed grain:
Any of several grains most commonly used for livestock or poultry feed, including corn, grain sorghum, oats, rye, and barley.

Feeding rate:
The amount in pounds or kilos that a specific animal must be fed per day.

Feeding rate:
The amount in pounds or kilos that a specific animal must be fed per day.

Feed ingredient group:
Ingredients fall into different categories - i.e. grain, forage, protein, fat, vitamin or mineral.

Feed ingredient group:
Ingredients fall into different categories - i.e. grain, forage, protein, fat, vitamin or mineral.

Feed label (feed tag):
The details of a specific ration that should contain information such as: animal the feed is designed to be fed to, ration purpose, nutrient levels, ingredients, feeding rate, special warnings, batch number.

Feed label (feed tag):
The details of a specific ration that should contain information such as: animal the feed is designed to be fed to, ration purpose, nutrient levels, ingredients, feeding rate, special warnings, batch number.

Feedlot:
Enterprise in which cattle are fed grain and other concentrates for usually 90-120 days. Feedlots range in size from less than 100-head capacity to many thousands.

Feedlot:
Enterprise in which cattle are fed grain and other concentrates for usually 90-120 days. Feedlots range in size from less than 100-head capacity to many thousands.

Feed management:
The attention to detail on all aspects of feeding an animal.

Feed management:
The attention to detail on all aspects of feeding an animal.

Feed mill:
A place where animal feeds are manufactured.

Feed mill:
A place where animal feeds are manufactured.

Feed poisoning:
A group of acute illnesses due to ingestion of contaminated food. It may result from allergy, toxemia from foods such as those inherently poisonous or those contaminated by poisons, foods containing poisons formed by bacteria or bloodborne infections.

Feed poisoning:
A group of acute illnesses due to ingestion of contaminated food. It may result from allergy, toxemia from foods such as those inherently poisonous or those contaminated by poisons, foods containing poisons formed by bacteria or bloodborne infections.

Feed speed:
The speed of a machine centre (canter, planer, etc.) usually expressed in feet per minute.

Feed speed:
The speed of a machine centre (canter, planer, etc.) usually expressed in feet per minute.

Feed speed:
The speed of a machine centre (canter, planer, etc.) usually expressed in feet per minute.

Feed speed:
The speed of a machine centre (canter, planer, etc.) usually expressed in feet per minute.

Feed standards:
Sets of tables published by the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences giving the amounts of each nutrient required by an animal for body maintenance, growth and production.

Feed standards:
Sets of tables published by the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences giving the amounts of each nutrient required by an animal for body maintenance, growth and production.

Feedstock:
A material used as a raw material in an industrial process.

Feedstock:
A material used as a raw material in an industrial process.

Feedstock:
A material used as a raw material in an industrial process.

Feldspar:
A crystalline mineral consisting of aluminum silicates and other elements that is an essential ingredient for the ceramics industry, and also is used in the glass and paint industries.

Feldspar:
A crystalline mineral consisting of aluminum silicates and other elements that is an essential ingredient for the ceramics industry, and also is used in the glass and paint industries.

Feller-buncher:
A machine with a fixed-grip harvesting head which can grasp, cut, lift, swing and bunch trees for yarding. Usually this machine does not limb or buck to log lengths as a "cut-to-length" harvester can do.

Feller-buncher:
A machine with a fixed-grip harvesting head which can grasp, cut, lift, swing and bunch trees for yarding. Usually this machine does not limb or buck to log lengths as a "cut-to-length" harvester can do.

Fence posts (roundwood) :
Roundwood 10 feet or shorter in length designed to be placed in or on the ground for attachment of horizontal members or wire. These can be pointed and capped or blunt; butt treated, full-length treated or untreated.

Fence posts (roundwood) :
Roundwood 10 feet or shorter in length designed to be placed in or on the ground for attachment of horizontal members or wire. These can be pointed and capped or blunt; butt treated, full-length treated or untreated.

Fence rails (roundwood):
Roundwood rails used horizontally on a fence. These can be full round or half round, split rails, peeled, doweled or unpeeled.

Fence rails (roundwood):
Roundwood rails used horizontally on a fence. These can be full round or half round, split rails, peeled, doweled or unpeeled.

Fence (straightedge):
A straightedge or linebar mounted parallel to the saw blade for guiding the lumber, cant, or flitch as it passes through the saw.

Fence (straightedge):
A straightedge or linebar mounted parallel to the saw blade for guiding the lumber, cant, or flitch as it passes through the saw.

Fender :
A cylindrical or round cushion used to protect the hull sides of a boat, typically used when tied up at dock.

Fender :
A cylindrical or round cushion used to protect the hull sides of a boat, typically used when tied up at dock.

Fermentation:
Conversion of carbon-containing compounds by micro-organisms for production of fuels and chemicals such as alcohols, acids or energy-rich gases.

Fermentation:
Conversion of carbon-containing compounds by micro-organisms for production of fuels and chemicals such as alcohols, acids or energy-rich gases.

Ferrous:
Adjective used to indicate the presence of iron.

Ferrous:
Adjective used to indicate the presence of iron.

Fetch :
To clear a buoy, point of land or object without having to make a tack.

Fetch :
To clear a buoy, point of land or object without having to make a tack.

Fiberboard:
A broad generic term inclusive of sheet materials of widely varying densities manufactured or refined or partly refined wood or other vegetable fibers.  Bonding agents and other materials may be added to increase strength, resistance to moisture, fire, or decay, or to improve some other property.  See also Medium density fiberboard.

Fiberboard:
A broad generic term inclusive of sheet materials of widely varying densities manufactured or refined or partly refined wood or other vegetable fibers.  Bonding agents and other materials may be added to increase strength, resistance to moisture, fire, or decay, or to improve some other property.  See also Medium density fiberboard.

Fiber saturation point (fsp):
The moisture content at which moisture is saturated within the cell walls of wood and the cell cavities are free of water.  This averages around 30 percent MC.  Below FSP water is held in wood as bound water within the cell cavities or lumen.

Fiber saturation point (fsp):
The moisture content at which moisture is saturated within the cell walls of wood and the cell cavities are free of water.  This averages around 30 percent MC.  Below FSP water is held in wood as bound water within the cell cavities or lumen.

Fibre:
A long narrow, tapering wood cell closed at both ends.

Fibre:
A long narrow, tapering wood cell closed at both ends.

Fibreglass :
Glass fibres either loose or woven, reinforced with resin and used in the construction of many boats.

Fibreglass :
Glass fibres either loose or woven, reinforced with resin and used in the construction of many boats.

Field corn:
Any variety of corn that is grown extensively in large fields primarily for livestock feed, as contrasted with the horticultural varieties, such as sweet corn or popcorn. Most field corn is of the dent variety.

Field corn:
Any variety of corn that is grown extensively in large fields primarily for livestock feed, as contrasted with the horticultural varieties, such as sweet corn or popcorn. Most field corn is of the dent variety.

Fill:
Material put back in place of extracted ore to provide ground support.

Fill:
Material put back in place of extracted ore to provide ground support.

Filter:
A device whose primary function is the retention by a porous media of insoluble contaminants from a fluid.

Filter:
A device whose primary function is the retention by a porous media of insoluble contaminants from a fluid.

Filter:
A device whose primary function is the retention by a porous media of insoluble contaminants from a fluid.

Filter:
A device whose primary function is the retention by a porous media of insoluble contaminants from a fluid.

Filter:
A device whose primary function is the retention by a porous media of insoluble contaminants from a fluid.

Fineness:
Content of gold expressed in parts per thousand.

Fineness:
Content of gold expressed in parts per thousand.

Fine paper:
Paper used in making copy paper, computer forms, tablets, envelopes, printing paper, etc.

Fine paper:
Paper used in making copy paper, computer forms, tablets, envelopes, printing paper, etc.

Fines:
A term referring to material passing through a chip screening process that is smaller than the acceptable minimum size.

Fines:
A term referring to material passing through a chip screening process that is smaller than the acceptable minimum size.

Finger joint:
An end joint in which wedge shaped projections in one piece of timber fit matching recesses on the other piece and are bonded together by an adhesive.

Finger joint:
An end joint in which wedge shaped projections in one piece of timber fit matching recesses on the other piece and are bonded together by an adhesive.

Finished cattle:
Fed cattle whose time in the feedlot is completed and are now ready for slaughter.

Finished cattle:
Fed cattle whose time in the feedlot is completed and are now ready for slaughter.

Fin keel :
A keel shaped like the fin of a fish that is shorter and deeper than a full-length keel.

Fin keel :
A keel shaped like the fin of a fish that is shorter and deeper than a full-length keel.

Finpipe:
Pipe with circular steel coils on the outer surface to aid heat transfer in a steam or hot oil dry kiln.

Finpipe:
Pipe with circular steel coils on the outer surface to aid heat transfer in a steam or hot oil dry kiln.

Fire damp:
Flammable gas found in mines created by decomposition of coal or other carbonaceous matter. Often refers to methane gas which is explosive at concentrations between 5% and 15%.

Fire damp:
Flammable gas found in mines created by decomposition of coal or other carbonaceous matter. Often refers to methane gas which is explosive at concentrations between 5% and 15%.

Firewood processor:
High production equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Different types use similar principles but differ in configuration and how logs are bucked (chainsaw, circular saw or shear).

Firewood processor:
High production equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Different types use similar principles but differ in configuration and how logs are bucked (chainsaw, circular saw or shear).

Firewood splitter:
Usually refers to a low production splitter for home owner use. Can consist of manual splitting mauls, axes, wedges or semi-automatic hydraulic/mechanical splitters. Also called a log splitter.

Firewood splitter:
Usually refers to a low production splitter for home owner use. Can consist of manual splitting mauls, axes, wedges or semi-automatic hydraulic/mechanical splitters. Also called a log splitter.

Firm power (Firm energy):
Power which is guaranteed by the supplier to be available at all times during a period covered by a commitment.

Firm power (Firm energy):
Power which is guaranteed by the supplier to be available at all times during a period covered by a commitment.

Firmwood:
Solid wood free of decay and voids; a term used in log scaling.

Firmwood:
Solid wood free of decay and voids; a term used in log scaling.

Fish finder :
Electronic device that uses sonar to locate and display fish on a monitor.

Fish finder :
Electronic device that uses sonar to locate and display fish on a monitor.

Fishmeal (Fish Meal):
A protein-rich meal made from processing whole fish (usually small oily and bony fish such as menhaden or anchovy) and its byproducts. Fishmeal is used as an ingredient in animal feed.

Fishmeal (Fish Meal):
A protein-rich meal made from processing whole fish (usually small oily and bony fish such as menhaden or anchovy) and its byproducts. Fishmeal is used as an ingredient in animal feed.

Fissile:
Ability to split or remove in sheets. Slate and mica are examples.

Fissile:
Ability to split or remove in sheets. Slate and mica are examples.

Fix :
The position of a boat recorded in coordinates or bearings.

Fix :
The position of a boat recorded in coordinates or bearings.

Fixed assets:
Buildings, machinery and land which are unlikely to be converted to cash during the normal business cycle.

Fixed assets:
Buildings, machinery and land which are unlikely to be converted to cash during the normal business cycle.

Fixed collar:
A collar firmly attached to the saw arbor; distinguished from a loose collar, which is held to the arbor with a nut.

Fixed collar:
A collar firmly attached to the saw arbor; distinguished from a loose collar, which is held to the arbor with a nut.

Flakeboard:
A particle panel product composed of flakes.

Flakeboard:
A particle panel product composed of flakes.

Flare :
A pyrotechnic device used to indicate distress. Also, the outward curvature of the sides on the bow of a boat.

Flare :
A pyrotechnic device used to indicate distress. Also, the outward curvature of the sides on the bow of a boat.

Flat-bottom boat :
Type of boat or hull shape with very little or no dead rise.

Flat-bottom boat :
Type of boat or hull shape with very little or no dead rise.

Flats boat :
Type of small, inshore saltwater fishing boat with moderate dead rise and draft, usually equipped with a raised platform aft used by a guide pushing a long pole to silently manoeuvre the boat through shallow tidal water.

Flats boat :
Type of small, inshore saltwater fishing boat with moderate dead rise and draft, usually equipped with a raised platform aft used by a guide pushing a long pole to silently manoeuvre the boat through shallow tidal water.

Flat top grind:
Used to describe a tooth filed square on top.  The teeth may also be ground with various combinations of beveled tops.  For example, alternate top bevels are often used for crosscutting saws.  Tops may also be pointed or chamfered and alternated with flat tops on very hard, dense woods.  This breaks the chip up to reduce tooth load.

Flat top grind:
Used to describe a tooth filed square on top.  The teeth may also be ground with various combinations of beveled tops.  For example, alternate top bevels are often used for crosscutting saws.  Tops may also be pointed or chamfered and alternated with flat tops on very hard, dense woods.  This breaks the chip up to reduce tooth load.

Flight:
Metal crossbar attached to the chain of a drag chain or flight conveyor.

Flight:
Metal crossbar attached to the chain of a drag chain or flight conveyor.

Flitch:
A piece of lumber with wane on one or both edges.

Flitch:
A piece of lumber with wane on one or both edges.

Flooded:
A condition where the pump inlet is charged by placing the reservoir oil level above the pump inlet port.

Flooded:
A condition where the pump inlet is charged by placing the reservoir oil level above the pump inlet port.

Flotation:
Milling process that uses bubbles to capture valuable minerals particles that float to the surface, thereby separating them from waste which sinks to the bottom.

Flotation:
Milling process that uses bubbles to capture valuable minerals particles that float to the surface, thereby separating them from waste which sinks to the bottom.

Flow control valve:
A valve which controls the rate of oil flow.

Flow control valve:
A valve which controls the rate of oil flow.

Flow control valve:
A valve which controls the rate of oil flow.

Flow control valve:
A valve which controls the rate of oil flow.

Flow control valve:
A valve which controls the rate of oil flow.

Flow rate:
The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any conductor per unit of time.

Flow rate:
The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any conductor per unit of time.

Flow rate:
The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any conductor per unit of time.

Flow rate:
The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any conductor per unit of time.

Flow rate:
The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any conductor per unit of time.

Fluid:
1.  A liquid or gas.
2.  A liquid that is specially compounded for use as a power-transmitting medium in a hydraulic
     system.

Fluid:
1.  A liquid or gas.
2.  A liquid that is specially compounded for use as a power-transmitting medium in a hydraulic
     system.

Fluid:
1.  A liquid or gas.
2.  A liquid that is specially compounded for use as a power-transmitting medium in a hydraulic
     system.

Fluid:
1.  A liquid or gas.
2.  A liquid that is specially compounded for use as a power-transmitting medium in a hydraulic
     system.

Fluid:
1.  A liquid or gas.
2.  A liquid that is specially compounded for use as a power-transmitting medium in a hydraulic
     system.

Fluidized-bed boiler:
Vessel where a fluidized bed is formed by blowing air up through a layer of inert particles (such as sand or limestone) at a rate that causes the particles to go into suspension and continuous motion. The super-hot bed material increases combustion efficiency by its direct contact with the fuel.

Fluidized-bed boiler:
Vessel where a fluidized bed is formed by blowing air up through a layer of inert particles (such as sand or limestone) at a rate that causes the particles to go into suspension and continuous motion. The super-hot bed material increases combustion efficiency by its direct contact with the fuel.

Flume:
A trough used to convey water.

Flume:
A trough used to convey water.

Flute:
One of the wave shapes pressed into corrugated medium. These are categorized by the size of the wave.

Flute:
One of the wave shapes pressed into corrugated medium. These are categorized by the size of the wave.

Flying bridge :
Raised, second-story helm station, often located above the primary helm.

Flying bridge :
Raised, second-story helm station, often located above the primary helm.

Fodder:
Any foodstuff used to specifically feed livestock. The food is given to the animals rather than having to forage for themselves. Includes hay, straw, silage, pelleted feeds, oils, mixed rations, etc.

Fodder:
Any foodstuff used to specifically feed livestock. The food is given to the animals rather than having to forage for themselves. Includes hay, straw, silage, pelleted feeds, oils, mixed rations, etc.

Following sea :
Wave pattern running in the same direction as the boat.

Following sea :
Wave pattern running in the same direction as the boat.

Follow valve:
A control valve which ports oil to an actuator so the resulting output motion is proportional to the input motion to the valve.

Follow valve:
A control valve which ports oil to an actuator so the resulting output motion is proportional to the input motion to the valve.

Follow valve:
A control valve which ports oil to an actuator so the resulting output motion is proportional to the input motion to the valve.

Follow valve:
A control valve which ports oil to an actuator so the resulting output motion is proportional to the input motion to the valve.

Follow valve:
A control valve which ports oil to an actuator so the resulting output motion is proportional to the input motion to the valve.

Food grain:
Cereal seeds most commonly used for human food, chiefly wheat and rice.

Food grain:
Cereal seeds most commonly used for human food, chiefly wheat and rice.

Foot :
The bottom edge of a sail.

Foot :
The bottom edge of a sail.

Foot (ft):
A linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard (0.3048 m).

Foot (ft):
A linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard (0.3048 m).

Foot (ft):
A linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard (0.3048 m).

Foot (ft):
A linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard (0.3048 m).

Foot (ft):
A linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard (0.3048 m).

Foot (ft):
A linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard (0.3048 m).

FOPS:
Falling object protective structure.

FOPS:
Falling object protective structure.

FOPS:
Falling object protective structure.

FOPS:
Falling object protective structure.

FOPS:
Falling object protective structure.

Forage:
Feedstuffs composed primarily of the whole plant, including stems and leaves eaten by grazing animals. Includes grasses and legumes (clovers).

Forage:
Feedstuffs composed primarily of the whole plant, including stems and leaves eaten by grazing animals. Includes grasses and legumes (clovers).

Force:
Any push or pull measured in units of weight.  In hydraulics, total force is expressed by the product P (force per unit area) and the area of the surface on which the pressure acts.  F = P x A.

Force:
Any push or pull measured in units of weight.  In hydraulics, total force is expressed by the product P (force per unit area) and the area of the surface on which the pressure acts.  F = P x A.

Force:
Any push or pull measured in units of weight.  In hydraulics, total force is expressed by the product P (force per unit area) and the area of the surface on which the pressure acts.  F = P x A.

Force:
Any push or pull measured in units of weight.  In hydraulics, total force is expressed by the product P (force per unit area) and the area of the surface on which the pressure acts.  F = P x A.

Force:
Any push or pull measured in units of weight.  In hydraulics, total force is expressed by the product P (force per unit area) and the area of the surface on which the pressure acts.  F = P x A.

Fore :
Located at the front of a boat.

Fore :
Located at the front of a boat.

Foredeck :
Forward part of the main deck, ahead of the superstructure.

Foredeck :
Forward part of the main deck, ahead of the superstructure.

Forest license:
A license granted by the Ministry of Forests of British Columbia which entitles the holder to cut a specified volume of timber on specified lands.

Forest license:
A license granted by the Ministry of Forests of British Columbia which entitles the holder to cut a specified volume of timber on specified lands.

Forest Management Agreement (FMA):
An agreement granted by the Alberta government which entitles the holder to establish, grow and harvest timber on specified lands.

Forest Management Agreement (FMA):
An agreement granted by the Alberta government which entitles the holder to establish, grow and harvest timber on specified lands.

Forest management unit:
An area of forest land designated by the Minister of Environmental Protection of Alberta as a management unit.

Forest management unit:
An area of forest land designated by the Minister of Environmental Protection of Alberta as a management unit.

Forest residues:
Material not harvested or removed from logging sites in commercial hardwood and softwood stands as well as material resulting from forest management operations such as precommercial thinnings and removal of dead and dying trees.

Forest residues:
Material not harvested or removed from logging sites in commercial hardwood and softwood stands as well as material resulting from forest management operations such as precommercial thinnings and removal of dead and dying trees.

Forklift units:
Lumber bundled or stacked into packages that can be lifted by a forklift.

Forklift units:
Lumber bundled or stacked into packages that can be lifted by a forklift.

Formaldehyde:
A component of resin used to manufacture plywood and panel products, and a naturally occurring component of wood.

Formaldehyde:
A component of resin used to manufacture plywood and panel products, and a naturally occurring component of wood.

Forwarder:
A special vehicle with a cradle or bunk or trailer used to forward logs. Usually it is equipped with its own log loader device and may be tracked or wheeled. Most commonly works with a CTL harvester.

Forwarder:
A special vehicle with a cradle or bunk or trailer used to forward logs. Usually it is equipped with its own log loader device and may be tracked or wheeled. Most commonly works with a CTL harvester.

Founder :
To sink.

Founder :
To sink.

Four-cycle engine:
A gasoline- or diesel-powered internal combustion engine that takes four cycles or strokes of the piston to complete its power phase. Also called four-stroke engine.

Four-cycle engine:
A gasoline- or diesel-powered internal combustion engine that takes four cycles or strokes of the piston to complete its power phase. Also called four-stroke engine.

Four-way valve:
A directional valve having four flow paths.

Four-way valve:
A directional valve having four flow paths.

Four-way valve:
A directional valve having four flow paths.

Four-way valve:
A directional valve having four flow paths.

Four-way valve:
A directional valve having four flow paths.

FPM:
Feet per minute.

FPM:
Feet per minute.

FPM:
Feet per minute.

FPM:
Feet per minute.

FPM:
Feet per minute.

Framing:
Lumber used for structural members in a house or other building. The skeleton to which roofs, floors, and sides are attached.

Framing:
Lumber used for structural members in a house or other building. The skeleton to which roofs, floors, and sides are attached.

Freeboard :
Vertical distance between the waterline and the top of the hull side.

Freeboard :
Vertical distance between the waterline and the top of the hull side.

Free gold:
Small particles (gold dust) or even nuggets, which are usually found on riverbeds or close to the surface when erosion or weathering has exposed deposits.

Free gold:
Small particles (gold dust) or even nuggets, which are usually found on riverbeds or close to the surface when erosion or weathering has exposed deposits.

Free milling:
Used to describe recovery of gold or silver from ore using only concentrating methods (crushing, gravity separation or amalgamation).

Free milling:
Used to describe recovery of gold or silver from ore using only concentrating methods (crushing, gravity separation or amalgamation).

Free moisture:
Moisture which is present in the cell cavities of wood.

Free moisture:
Moisture which is present in the cell cavities of wood.

Free of heart center (FOHC):
Lumber sawn to exclude the pith or heart center, as opposed to box heart.

Free of heart center (FOHC):
Lumber sawn to exclude the pith or heart center, as opposed to box heart.

Free on board (FOB):
Refers to the point to which the seller will deliver goods without charge to the buyer; additional freight or other charges connected with transporting or handling the product become the responsibility of the buyer.

Free on board (FOB):
Refers to the point to which the seller will deliver goods without charge to the buyer; additional freight or other charges connected with transporting or handling the product become the responsibility of the buyer.

Free sheet paper:
Paper made from cooked wood fibers mixed with chemicals and washed free of impurities. As compared to groundwood paper.

Free sheet paper:
Paper made from cooked wood fibers mixed with chemicals and washed free of impurities. As compared to groundwood paper.

Free water:
Water held within the cell cavities of wood.  Its movement is primarily by capillary action.

Free water:
Water held within the cell cavities of wood.  Its movement is primarily by capillary action.

Frequency:
1.  The number of cycles per second of alternating current (example: 60 cycles per second or 60
     hertz per second).
2.  The number of times an action occurs in a unit of time.  Frequency is the basis of all sound. 
     A pump or motor's basic frequency is equal to its speed in revolutions per second multiplied
     by the number of pumping chambers.

Frequency:
1.  The number of cycles per second of alternating current (example: 60 cycles per second or 60
     hertz per second).
2.  The number of times an action occurs in a unit of time.  Frequency is the basis of all sound. 
     A pump or motor's basic frequency is equal to its speed in revolutions per second multiplied
     by the number of pumping chambers.

Frequency:
1.  The number of cycles per second of alternating current (example: 60 cycles per second or 60
     hertz per second).
2.  The number of times an action occurs in a unit of time.  Frequency is the basis of all sound. 
     A pump or motor's basic frequency is equal to its speed in revolutions per second multiplied
     by the number of pumping chambers.

Frequency:
1.  The number of cycles per second of alternating current (example: 60 cycles per second or 60
     hertz per second).
2.  The number of times an action occurs in a unit of time.  Frequency is the basis of all sound. 
     A pump or motor's basic frequency is equal to its speed in revolutions per second multiplied
     by the number of pumping chambers.

Frequency:
1.  The number of cycles per second of alternating current (example: 60 cycles per second or 60
     hertz per second).
2.  The number of times an action occurs in a unit of time.  Frequency is the basis of all sound. 
     A pump or motor's basic frequency is equal to its speed in revolutions per second multiplied
     by the number of pumping chambers.

Friable:
Easy to break or crumbling naturally.

Friable:
Easy to break or crumbling naturally.

Front connected:
A condition wherein piping connections are on normally exposed surfaces of hydraulic components.

Front connected:
A condition wherein piping connections are on normally exposed surfaces of hydraulic components.

Front connected:
A condition wherein piping connections are on normally exposed surfaces of hydraulic components.

Front connected:
A condition wherein piping connections are on normally exposed surfaces of hydraulic components.

Front connected:
A condition wherein piping connections are on normally exposed surfaces of hydraulic components.

Front end loader:
A mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tuck, bucket, or fork-lift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs or materials.

Front end loader:
A mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tuck, bucket, or fork-lift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs or materials.

Front end loader:
A mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tuck, bucket, or fork-lift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs or materials.

Front end loader:
A mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tuck, bucket, or fork-lift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs or materials.

Fuel cycle:
The series of steps required to produce electricity. The fuel cycle includes acquiring the raw fuel source, processing and cleaning the fuel, transport, electricity generation, waste management and plant decommissioning.

Fuel cycle:
The series of steps required to produce electricity. The fuel cycle includes acquiring the raw fuel source, processing and cleaning the fuel, transport, electricity generation, waste management and plant decommissioning.

Full flow:
In a filter, the condition where all the fluid must pass through the filter element or medium.

Full flow:
In a filter, the condition where all the fluid must pass through the filter element or medium.

Full flow:
In a filter, the condition where all the fluid must pass through the filter element or medium.

Full flow:
In a filter, the condition where all the fluid must pass through the filter element or medium.

Full flow:
In a filter, the condition where all the fluid must pass through the filter element or medium.

Full sawn:
Lumber cut, in the rough, to its full nominal size.

Full sawn:
Lumber cut, in the rough, to its full nominal size.

Full taper:
Boards are sawn parallel to the sides of a log.

Full taper:
Boards are sawn parallel to the sides of a log.

Full-tree length harvester:
A machine with a fixed-grip harvesting head which can grasp, cut, lift, swing and bunch trees for yarding. Usually this machine does not limb or buck to log lengths as a "cut-to-length" harvester can do.

Full-tree length harvester:
A machine with a fixed-grip harvesting head which can grasp, cut, lift, swing and bunch trees for yarding. Usually this machine does not limb or buck to log lengths as a "cut-to-length" harvester can do.

Furling:
Rolling or folding a sail on its boom.

Furling:
Rolling or folding a sail on its boom.

Furnace:
An enclosed chamber or container used to burn biomass in a controlled manner to produce heat for space or process heating.

Furnace:
An enclosed chamber or container used to burn biomass in a controlled manner to produce heat for space or process heating.

Furnace:
An enclosed chamber or container used to burn biomass in a controlled manner to produce heat for space or process heating.

Fuse:
Cord shaped substance that is entrained with black powder that when lit, burns along the cord at a set rate. Used in the ignition of explosives.

Fuse:
Cord shaped substance that is entrained with black powder that when lit, burns along the cord at a set rate. Used in the ignition of explosives.

Gaff:
A metal pole with a hooked end used to boat a fish. Also a pole or spar that holds the upper portion of a four-sided sail.

Gaff:
A metal pole with a hooked end used to boat a fish. Also a pole or spar that holds the upper portion of a four-sided sail.

Galley :
The kitchen area on a boat.

Galley :
The kitchen area on a boat.

Gallon (gal):
A unit of volume.  A US gallon is equal to 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches (approximately 3.79 liters).  A British imperial gallon is equal to four quarts or 4.55 liters.

Gallon (gal):
A unit of volume.  A US gallon is equal to 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches (approximately 3.79 liters).  A British imperial gallon is equal to four quarts or 4.55 liters.

Gallon (gal):
A unit of volume.  A US gallon is equal to 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches (approximately 3.79 liters).  A British imperial gallon is equal to four quarts or 4.55 liters.

Gallon (gal):
A unit of volume.  A US gallon is equal to 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches (approximately 3.79 liters).  A British imperial gallon is equal to four quarts or 4.55 liters.

Gallon (gal):
A unit of volume.  A US gallon is equal to 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches (approximately 3.79 liters).  A British imperial gallon is equal to four quarts or 4.55 liters.

Gallon (gal):
A unit of volume.  A US gallon is equal to 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches (approximately 3.79 liters).  A British imperial gallon is equal to four quarts or 4.55 liters.

Gang drill (roundwood):
Equipment with multiple drill heads for boring multiple holes simultaneously in roundwood fence posts. For use with doweled fence railing systems.

Gang drill (roundwood):
Equipment with multiple drill heads for boring multiple holes simultaneously in roundwood fence posts. For use with doweled fence railing systems.

Gang edger:
A machine having a battery of circular saws, all of which are fitted to the same arbor.  The saws may be over arbor, under arbor, or double arbor.  There are straight sawing gangs and curve sawing gangs.

Gang edger:
A machine having a battery of circular saws, all of which are fitted to the same arbor.  The saws may be over arbor, under arbor, or double arbor.  There are straight sawing gangs and curve sawing gangs.

Gang sawing:
This term has several meanings, one being the use of multiple fixed saws on a common arbor.  The term is also used in reference to "sash" gang sawing or "rotary" gang sawing, or sawing through and through with all saw lines parallel at the headrig.

Gang sawing:
This term has several meanings, one being the use of multiple fixed saws on a common arbor.  The term is also used in reference to "sash" gang sawing or "rotary" gang sawing, or sawing through and through with all saw lines parallel at the headrig.

Gangue:
Waste rock contained within or surrounding an ore. This waste must be separated for the extraction of the mineral.

Gangue:
Waste rock contained within or surrounding an ore. This waste must be separated for the extraction of the mineral.

Gantry tower:
The short tower on a modern swing yarder, located just to the rear of the leaning yarder tower, used to accommodate the walking guy lines and lines to raise and lower the boom of a yarding crane.

Gantry tower:
The short tower on a modern swing yarder, located just to the rear of the leaning yarder tower, used to accommodate the walking guy lines and lines to raise and lower the boom of a yarding crane.

Gasification:
A chemical or heat process to convert a solid fuel to a gaseous form.

Gasification:
A chemical or heat process to convert a solid fuel to a gaseous form.

Gasifier:
A device for converting solid fuel into gaseous fuel. In biomass systems, the process is referred to as pyrolitic distillation.

Gasifier:
A device for converting solid fuel into gaseous fuel. In biomass systems, the process is referred to as pyrolitic distillation.

Gastric:
Of, or relating to, the stomach.

Gastric:
Of, or relating to, the stomach.

Gauge:
The thickness of the saw blade, best expressed in decimals of an inch or millimetres.

Gauge:
The thickness of the saw blade, best expressed in decimals of an inch or millimetres.

Gauge pressure:
A pressure scale which ignores atmospheric pressure.  Its zero point is 14.7 psi absolute.

Gauge pressure:
A pressure scale which ignores atmospheric pressure.  Its zero point is 14.7 psi absolute.

Gauge pressure:
A pressure scale which ignores atmospheric pressure.  Its zero point is 14.7 psi absolute.

Gauge pressure:
A pressure scale which ignores atmospheric pressure.  Its zero point is 14.7 psi absolute.

Gauge pressure:
A pressure scale which ignores atmospheric pressure.  Its zero point is 14.7 psi absolute.

Gauge pressure:
A pressure scale which ignores atmospheric pressure.  Its zero point is 14.7 psi absolute.

Geiger counter:
An instrument used to measure radioactivity by means of a Geiger-Mueller tube. Certain minerals emanate radioactivity.

Geiger counter:
An instrument used to measure radioactivity by means of a Geiger-Mueller tube. Certain minerals emanate radioactivity.

Gelatinized (Gelatinizing):
Process where starch granules are completely ruptured by a combination of moisture, heat and pressure, and in some instances, by mechanical shear.

Gelatinized (Gelatinizing):
Process where starch granules are completely ruptured by a combination of moisture, heat and pressure, and in some instances, by mechanical shear.

Gelcoat :
A combination of resin and pigment that comprises the smooth outside coating of a fibreglass boat.

Gelcoat :
A combination of resin and pigment that comprises the smooth outside coating of a fibreglass boat.

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO):
A GMO is a new organism resulting from foreign DNA being inserted into the genome of a given species. As a result, this species takes on an inherited characteristic coded in the transplanted DNA. The main plants concerned are corn, soya, cotton and rapeseed.

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO):
A GMO is a new organism resulting from foreign DNA being inserted into the genome of a given species. As a result, this species takes on an inherited characteristic coded in the transplanted DNA. The main plants concerned are corn, soya, cotton and rapeseed.

Genetic Engineering:
The science of modifying the genetic constitution of plants and animals directly.

Genetic Engineering:
The science of modifying the genetic constitution of plants and animals directly.

Genoa :
An overlapping jib.

Genoa :
An overlapping jib.

Genset :
Another name for a gas- or diesel-powered electric generator.

Genset :
Another name for a gas- or diesel-powered electric generator.

Geology:
Science and study of the earth's rocks and its composition.

Geology:
Science and study of the earth's rocks and its composition.

Geophysical survey:
A scientific method of prospecting that measures the physical properties of rock formations. Common properties investigated include magnetism, specific gravity, electrical conductivity and radioactivity.

Geophysical survey:
A scientific method of prospecting that measures the physical properties of rock formations. Common properties investigated include magnetism, specific gravity, electrical conductivity and radioactivity.

Geophysics:
The study of the physical properties of rocks and minerals.

Geophysics:
The study of the physical properties of rocks and minerals.

Gigawatt (GW):
A measure of electrical power equal to one billion watts (1,000,000 kW).

Gigawatt (GW):
A measure of electrical power equal to one billion watts (1,000,000 kW).

Gigawatt (GW):
A measure of electrical power equal to one billion watts (1,000,000 kW).

Glue:
Originally, a hard gelatin obtained from hides, tendons, cartilage, bones, etc., of animals.  Also, an adhesive prepared from this substance by heating with water.  Through general use the term is now synonymous with the term "Adhesive".

Glue:
Originally, a hard gelatin obtained from hides, tendons, cartilage, bones, etc., of animals.  Also, an adhesive prepared from this substance by heating with water.  Through general use the term is now synonymous with the term "Adhesive".

Glue:
Originally, a hard gelatin obtained from hides, tendons, cartilage, bones, etc., of animals.  Also, an adhesive prepared from this substance by heating with water.  Through general use the term is now synonymous with the term "Adhesive".

Glue:
Originally, a hard gelatin obtained from hides, tendons, cartilage, bones, etc., of animals.  Also, an adhesive prepared from this substance by heating with water.  Through general use the term is now synonymous with the term "Adhesive".

Glue:
Originally, a hard gelatin obtained from hides, tendons, cartilage, bones, etc., of animals.  Also, an adhesive prepared from this substance by heating with water.  Through general use the term is now synonymous with the term "Adhesive".

Glue laminated beams:
Beams made of lumber glued together. Replacements for solid wood timbers and steel beams.

Glue laminated beams:
Beams made of lumber glued together. Replacements for solid wood timbers and steel beams.

Glue laminating:
Production of structural or non-structural wood members by bonding two or more layers of wood together with adhesive.

Glue laminating:
Production of structural or non-structural wood members by bonding two or more layers of wood together with adhesive.

Glueline:
The layer of adhesive that attaches two adherends.  Also called a Bondline.

Glueline:
The layer of adhesive that attaches two adherends.  Also called a Bondline.

Glulam (glue laminated):
Structural wood product made by bonding together laminations of dimension lumber.

Glulam (glue laminated):
Structural wood product made by bonding together laminations of dimension lumber.

Glycerin:
A liquid by-product of biodiesel production. Glycerin is used in the manufacture of dynamite, cosmetics, liquid soaps, inks, and lubricants.

Glycerin:
A liquid by-product of biodiesel production. Glycerin is used in the manufacture of dynamite, cosmetics, liquid soaps, inks, and lubricants.

Gold:
A heavy, soft, yellow, ductile, malleable, metallic element. The unique properties of this precious metal make it an essential component in a diverse number of products.

Gold:
A heavy, soft, yellow, ductile, malleable, metallic element. The unique properties of this precious metal make it an essential component in a diverse number of products.

GPS :
Acronym for global positioning system, a satellite-based navigation system that uses transmitted signals and mathematical triangulation to pinpoint location.

GPS :
Acronym for global positioning system, a satellite-based navigation system that uses transmitted signals and mathematical triangulation to pinpoint location.

Grade:
Concentration of metal or minerals in a body of rock. Expressed as a percentage or grams per tonne.

Grade:
Concentration of metal or minerals in a body of rock. Expressed as a percentage or grams per tonne.

Grade:
Concentration of metal or minerals in a body of rock. Expressed as a percentage or grams per tonne.

Grademark:
A stamp or symbol applied to a piece of lumber, by the grader at a planermill, to designate grade.

Grademark:
A stamp or symbol applied to a piece of lumber, by the grader at a planermill, to designate grade.

Grade stamp:
An inked marking put on lumber to show its important characteristics and mill information.

Grade stamp:
An inked marking put on lumber to show its important characteristics and mill information.

Grain:
The edible, hard seed or kernel from cereal plants such as wheat, barley, corn, oat and rye.

Grain:
The edible, hard seed or kernel from cereal plants such as wheat, barley, corn, oat and rye.

Grain:
The edible, hard seed or kernel from cereal plants such as wheat, barley, corn, oat and rye.

Grain Auger:
A machine used to move or elevate grain from one place to another (e.g. from a truck to a bin).

Grain Auger:
A machine used to move or elevate grain from one place to another (e.g. from a truck to a bin).

Grain, close:
Narrow, inconspicuous annual rings.  The term is sometimes used to designate wood having small and closely spaced pores, but in this sense the term "fine-textured" is more often used.

Grain, close:
Narrow, inconspicuous annual rings.  The term is sometimes used to designate wood having small and closely spaced pores, but in this sense the term "fine-textured" is more often used.

Grain, coarse:
Wide, conspicuous annual rings in which there is considerable difference between springwood and summerwood.  The term is sometimes used to designate wood with large pores, such as oak, ash, chestnut, and walnut, but in this sense the term "coarse-textured" is more often used.

Grain, coarse:
Wide, conspicuous annual rings in which there is considerable difference between springwood and summerwood.  The term is sometimes used to designate wood with large pores, such as oak, ash, chestnut, and walnut, but in this sense the term "coarse-textured" is more often used.

Grain, cross:
Fibers that deviate from a line parallel to the sides of the piece; may be either diagonal or spiral grain or a combination of the two.

Grain, cross:
Fibers that deviate from a line parallel to the sides of the piece; may be either diagonal or spiral grain or a combination of the two.

Grain, curly:
Fibers that are distorted so that they have a curled appearance, as in "birdseye" wood.  The areas showing curly grain may vary up to several inches in diameter.

Grain, curly:
Fibers that are distorted so that they have a curled appearance, as in "birdseye" wood.  The areas showing curly grain may vary up to several inches in diameter.

Grain, diagonal:
Has annual rings that are at an angle with the axis of a piece as a result of sawing at an angle with the bark of the tree or log.  A form of cross grain.

Grain, diagonal:
Has annual rings that are at an angle with the axis of a piece as a result of sawing at an angle with the bark of the tree or log.  A form of cross grain.

Grain, edge:
Sawed so that the wide surfaces extend approximately at right angles to the annual growth rings.  Lumber is considered edge-grained when the rings form an angle of 45 to 90 degrees with the wide surface of the piece.

Grain, edge:
Sawed so that the wide surfaces extend approximately at right angles to the annual growth rings.  Lumber is considered edge-grained when the rings form an angle of 45 to 90 degrees with the wide surface of the piece.

Grain, end:
The grain as seen on a cut made at a right angle to the direction of the fibers (e.g., on a cross section of a tree).

Grain, end:
The grain as seen on a cut made at a right angle to the direction of the fibers (e.g., on a cross section of a tree).

Grain, flat:
Sawed parallel to the pith and approximately tangentially to the growth rings.  Lumber is considered flat-grained when the annual growth rings make an angle of less than 45 degrees with the surface of the piece.

Grain, flat:
Sawed parallel to the pith and approximately tangentially to the growth rings.  Lumber is considered flat-grained when the annual growth rings make an angle of less than 45 degrees with the surface of the piece.

Grain, interlocked:
Fibers that for several years slope in a right-handed direction, and then for a number of years slope to a left-handed direction, and so on.  Such wood is exceedingly difficult to split radially, though tangentially it may split fairly easily.

Grain, interlocked:
Fibers that for several years slope in a right-handed direction, and then for a number of years slope to a left-handed direction, and so on.  Such wood is exceedingly difficult to split radially, though tangentially it may split fairly easily.

Grain, open:
The common classification for woods with large pores, such as oak, ash, chestnut, and walnut.  Also known as "coarse-textured".

Grain, open:
The common classification for woods with large pores, such as oak, ash, chestnut, and walnut.  Also known as "coarse-textured".

Grain, spiral:
Fibers that take a spiral course around the trunk of a tree instead of the normal vertical course.  The spiral may extend in a right-handed or left-handed direction around the tree trunk.  Causes slope of grain in lumber.  Spiral grain is a form of cross grain.

Grain, spiral:
Fibers that take a spiral course around the trunk of a tree instead of the normal vertical course.  The spiral may extend in a right-handed or left-handed direction around the tree trunk.  Causes slope of grain in lumber.  Spiral grain is a form of cross grain.

Grain, straight:
Fibers that run parallel to the axis of a piece.

Grain, straight:
Fibers that run parallel to the axis of a piece.

Grain, vertical:
Another term for edge-grained lumber.

Grain, vertical:
Another term for edge-grained lumber.

Grain, wavy:
Fibers that collectively take the form of waves or undulations.

Grain, wavy:
Fibers that collectively take the form of waves or undulations.

Gram (g):
A metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram; one ounce is approximately 28 grams.

Gram (g):
A metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram; one ounce is approximately 28 grams.

Gram (g):
A metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram; one ounce is approximately 28 grams.

Gram (g):
A metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram; one ounce is approximately 28 grams.

Gram (g):
A metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram; one ounce is approximately 28 grams.

Gram (g):
A metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram; one ounce is approximately 28 grams.

Granite:
An coarse-grained (intrusive) igneous rock consisting of quartz, feldspar and mica.

Granite:
An coarse-grained (intrusive) igneous rock consisting of quartz, feldspar and mica.

Grapple:
A hinged set of jaws capable of being opened and closed, used to grip logs during yarding or loading. Can also be attached to swing or non-swinging grapple skidder.

Grapple:
A hinged set of jaws capable of being opened and closed, used to grip logs during yarding or loading. Can also be attached to swing or non-swinging grapple skidder.

Grapple skidder:
A skidder equipped with a grapple to handle logs; used in place of chokers.

Grapple skidder:
A skidder equipped with a grapple to handle logs; used in place of chokers.

Grapple yarding:
Cable yarding with grapples instead of chokers.

Grapple yarding:
Cable yarding with grapples instead of chokers.

Grass:
A narrow-leafed plant with seed-like grains grown for lawns and also used for pasture or grazing material for animals.

Grass:
A narrow-leafed plant with seed-like grains grown for lawns and also used for pasture or grazing material for animals.

Gravity meter (gravimeter):
An instrument for measuring the local acceleration due to the Earth's gravity. Gravity varies with the density of the rocks in the vicinity.

Gravity meter (gravimeter):
An instrument for measuring the local acceleration due to the Earth's gravity. Gravity varies with the density of the rocks in the vicinity.

Gravity packed unit (GPU):
A unit (normally a 200 cubic foot space) filled with chips or other residue material and allowed to settle under the action of gravity.

Gravity packed unit (GPU):
A unit (normally a 200 cubic foot space) filled with chips or other residue material and allowed to settle under the action of gravity.

Gravity separation:
The separtion of gold from waste. Due to gold being denser than the waste, it sinks to the bottom when shaken in a pan with water.

Gravity separation:
The separtion of gold from waste. Due to gold being denser than the waste, it sinks to the bottom when shaken in a pan with water.

Graze (Grazing):
Animals eating grass in a field.

Graze (Grazing):
Animals eating grass in a field.

Greenhouse effect:
The effect of certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere in trapping heat from the sun.

Greenhouse effect:
The effect of certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere in trapping heat from the sun.

Greenhouse gases:
Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapour.

Greenhouse gases:
Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapour.

Greenhouse gases:
Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapour.

Greenhouse gases:
Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapour.

Greenhouse gases:
Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapour.

Green lumber:
Freshly sawed or undried wood.

Green lumber:
Freshly sawed or undried wood.

Green target sizes:
The size that lumber must be cut in the green form to allow for sawing deviation, shrinkage in drying and allowance for fibre removed in the finishing process.

Green target sizes:
The size that lumber must be cut in the green form to allow for sawing deviation, shrinkage in drying and allowance for fibre removed in the finishing process.

Green weight:
The term green weight specifically refers to the weight of freshly harvested wood that has the same moisture content (MC) as the standing tree. MC is defined as the weight of water in the wood expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dry wood (wood from which all moisture has been removed). Also see "Dry weight".

Green weight:
The term green weight specifically refers to the weight of freshly harvested wood that has the same moisture content (MC) as the standing tree. MC is defined as the weight of water in the wood expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dry wood (wood from which all moisture has been removed). Also see "Dry weight".

Green wood:
Freshly sawed or undried wood which still contains the moisture that was present in the standing tree.

Green wood:
Freshly sawed or undried wood which still contains the moisture that was present in the standing tree.

Grinders:
Equipment to reduce the size of the ore to a powder. Types include ball mills, rod mills, autogenous(AG) mills, semiautogenous (SAG) mills, pebble mills, grinding rolls, etc.

Grinders:
Equipment to reduce the size of the ore to a powder. Types include ball mills, rod mills, autogenous(AG) mills, semiautogenous (SAG) mills, pebble mills, grinding rolls, etc.

Grinding:
The final stage in reducing the size of the ore to a powder (below 5-20 mm). A powdering or pulverising process achieved by tumbling, stirring or vibration.

Grinding:
The final stage in reducing the size of the ore to a powder (below 5-20 mm). A powdering or pulverising process achieved by tumbling, stirring or vibration.

Grizzly:
Course screening or scalping device that prevents oversized bulk material form entering a material transfer system.  Constructed of rails, bars, beams, etc.

Grizzly:
Course screening or scalping device that prevents oversized bulk material form entering a material transfer system.  Constructed of rails, bars, beams, etc.

Gross axle weight rating (GAWR) :
The maximum weight an axle is designed to carry.

Gross axle weight rating (GAWR) :
The maximum weight an axle is designed to carry.

Gross combined weight rating (GCWR) :
The maximum allowable weight of a fully loaded tow vehicle plus its fully loaded trailer, including passengers and cargo.

Gross combined weight rating (GCWR) :
The maximum allowable weight of a fully loaded tow vehicle plus its fully loaded trailer, including passengers and cargo.

Gross Energy (GE):
The total energy in a feed. Not a very useful measure since the gross energy in most common feeds is about the same.

Gross Energy (GE):
The total energy in a feed. Not a very useful measure since the gross energy in most common feeds is about the same.

Gross scale:
The volume of a log obtained from original geometric measurements without adjustments for potential processing losses associated with crookedness, decayed regions, and so forth.

Gross scale:
The volume of a log obtained from original geometric measurements without adjustments for potential processing losses associated with crookedness, decayed regions, and so forth.

Gross trailer weight rating (GTWR) :
The maximum allowable weight of trailer and its cargo.

Gross trailer weight rating (GTWR) :
The maximum allowable weight of trailer and its cargo.

Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) :
The maximum allowable weight of a fully equipped tow vehicle including passengers and cargo.

Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) :
The maximum allowable weight of a fully equipped tow vehicle including passengers and cargo.

Groundwood paper:
Newsprint and other inexpensive paper made from pulp created when wood chips are ground mechanically rather than refined chemically.

Groundwood paper:
Newsprint and other inexpensive paper made from pulp created when wood chips are ground mechanically rather than refined chemically.

Groundwood pulp:
A mechanical wood pulp produced by pressing a debarked log against a revolving pulpstone and reducing the wood to a mass of fibers.

Groundwood pulp:
A mechanical wood pulp produced by pressing a debarked log against a revolving pulpstone and reducing the wood to a mass of fibers.

Growth ring:
One year’s growth increment of a tree composed of one band of springwood (earlywood) and one band of summerwood (latewood).  Also called an Annual ring.

Growth ring:
One year’s growth increment of a tree composed of one band of springwood (earlywood) and one band of summerwood (latewood).  Also called an Annual ring.

Guide blocks:
The arms of the saw-guide mechanism which hold the guide pins on a bandsaw.

Guide blocks:
The arms of the saw-guide mechanism which hold the guide pins on a bandsaw.

Guide or saw guide:
A supporting device above and/or below the cut to restrain the saw from deviating off line.  It generally uses metal holders with babbit faces precision machined for accurate tolerances.

Guide or saw guide:
A supporting device above and/or below the cut to restrain the saw from deviating off line.  It generally uses metal holders with babbit faces precision machined for accurate tolerances.

Guide rail:
A rail that guides the movement of the sawmill carriage.

Guide rail:
A rail that guides the movement of the sawmill carriage.

Gullet:
The area of the saw tooth in which the sawdust is carried.

Gullet:
The area of the saw tooth in which the sawdust is carried.

Gullet area factor:
The factor (% usage) applied to the calculation using tooth pitch and gullet depth (essentially the area of a rectangle) to convert to the actual size of the gullet.

Gullet area factor:
The factor (% usage) applied to the calculation using tooth pitch and gullet depth (essentially the area of a rectangle) to convert to the actual size of the gullet.

Gullet fill %:
The percentage of the gullet that is filled based on a specific feed speed, gullet size, etc.  The feed speed calculations should not allow the gullet fill to exceed 100%.

Gullet fill %:
The percentage of the gullet that is filled based on a specific feed speed, gullet size, etc.  The feed speed calculations should not allow the gullet fill to exceed 100%.

Gumming:
The process of cutting out the gullets of a saw.

Gumming:
The process of cutting out the gullets of a saw.

Gum spots:
Accumulation of resinous material often found on panel surfaces. May be removed by sanding.

Gum spots:
Accumulation of resinous material often found on panel surfaces. May be removed by sanding.

Gunwale:
The upper edge of the side of a boat

Gunwale:
The upper edge of the side of a boat

Gybe :
Also spelled jibe. To change the course of a boat so that the boom swings over to the opposite side.

Gybe :
Also spelled jibe. To change the course of a boat so that the boom swings over to the opposite side.

Gyratory crusher:
A machine that crushes ore between an eccentrically mounted crushing cone and a fixed crushing throat.

Gyratory crusher:
A machine that crushes ore between an eccentrically mounted crushing cone and a fixed crushing throat.

Half taper:
Boards are sawn parallel to the centre of a log.

Half taper:
Boards are sawn parallel to the centre of a log.

Halyard :
Line used to hoist a spar or sail.

Halyard :
Line used to hoist a spar or sail.

Hammer bench:
A wood bench as an extension of the anvil opposite the tensioner's position and supporting the rim of the saw when testing for tension; it contains a peg on a sliding panel for centering the saw while being hammered.

Hammer bench:
A wood bench as an extension of the anvil opposite the tensioner's position and supporting the rim of the saw when testing for tension; it contains a peg on a sliding panel for centering the saw while being hammered.

Hammering:
Straightening, tensioning, or flattening a saw blade manually with a hammer.

Hammering:
Straightening, tensioning, or flattening a saw blade manually with a hammer.

Hammermill:
Equipment used to reduce particle size. Achieved by impact with swinging hammers.

Hammermill:
Equipment used to reduce particle size. Achieved by impact with swinging hammers.

Hammermill:
Equipment used to reduce particle size. Achieved by impact with swinging hammers.

Hammermill rods:
Rods inside the hammermill, which the hammers attach to.

Hammermill rods:
Rods inside the hammermill, which the hammers attach to.

Hammermill rods:
Rods inside the hammermill, which the hammers attach to.

Hammermill screens:
Perforated screens inside a hammermill used to separate particle sizes. Particles successfully reduced by the hammer mill pass through the screen and leave the hammer mill with the aid of a pneumatic system.

Hammermill screens:
Perforated screens inside a hammermill used to separate particle sizes. Particles successfully reduced by the hammer mill pass through the screen and leave the hammer mill with the aid of a pneumatic system.

Hammermill screens:
Perforated screens inside a hammermill used to separate particle sizes. Particles successfully reduced by the hammer mill pass through the screen and leave the hammer mill with the aid of a pneumatic system.

Hand (of mill):
The hand side on which the log passes the sawyer as he faces the saw, right or left.

Hand (of mill):
The hand side on which the log passes the sawyer as he faces the saw, right or left.

Hand-peeled (roundwood):
Roundwood with the bark removed by hand. Usually done using a draw knife.

Hand-peeled (roundwood):
Roundwood with the bark removed by hand. Usually done using a draw knife.

Harbour master :
The person at a harbour in charge of anchorages, berths and harbour traffic.

Harbour master :
The person at a harbour in charge of anchorages, berths and harbour traffic.

Hardboard:
A generic term for a panel manufactured primarily from interfelted lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood), consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density of 31 pounds per cubic foot or greater, and to which other materials may have been added during manufacture to improve certain properties.

Hardboard:
A generic term for a panel manufactured primarily from interfelted lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood), consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density of 31 pounds per cubic foot or greater, and to which other materials may have been added during manufacture to improve certain properties.

Hard chine :
A sharp-angle at the intersection of the hull's side and bottom.

Hard chine :
A sharp-angle at the intersection of the hull's side and bottom.

Hardwoods:
Generally one of the botanical groups of trees that have broad leaves in contrast to the conifers or softwoods.  The term has no reference to the actual hardness of wood.  Also called Angiosperms or Deciduous.

Hardwoods:
Generally one of the botanical groups of trees that have broad leaves in contrast to the conifers or softwoods.  The term has no reference to the actual hardness of wood.  Also called Angiosperms or Deciduous.

Hatch :
A deck opening.

Hatch :
A deck opening.

Haulage:
The horizontal transport of ore, coal, supplies and waste.

Haulage:
The horizontal transport of ore, coal, supplies and waste.

Haulm:
The stems and leaves of a crop left after harvest.

Haulm:
The stems and leaves of a crop left after harvest.

Hawse pipe :
Fittings in the deck or gunwale through which the anchor rode or dock lines run.

Hawse pipe :
Fittings in the deck or gunwale through which the anchor rode or dock lines run.

Hay:
A mature grass or legume that has been cut and allowed to dry in the field. After drying it is stored and used for animal feed when pasture/rangeland is not available for grazing.

Hay:
A mature grass or legume that has been cut and allowed to dry in the field. After drying it is stored and used for animal feed when pasture/rangeland is not available for grazing.

Hayrack:
A type of log hauling trailer with multiple stakes to contain many small trees in the load.

Hayrack:
A type of log hauling trailer with multiple stakes to contain many small trees in the load.

Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP):
A system which identifies, evaluates and controls hazards which are significant for food safety.

Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP):
A system which identifies, evaluates and controls hazards which are significant for food safety.

Head:
The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point expressed in linear units.  Head is often used to indicate gage pressure.  Pressure  is equal to the height times the density of the fluid.

Head:
The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point expressed in linear units.  Head is often used to indicate gage pressure.  Pressure  is equal to the height times the density of the fluid.

Head:
The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point expressed in linear units.  Head is often used to indicate gage pressure.  Pressure  is equal to the height times the density of the fluid.

Head:
The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point expressed in linear units.  Head is often used to indicate gage pressure.  Pressure  is equal to the height times the density of the fluid.

Head:
The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point expressed in linear units.  Head is often used to indicate gage pressure.  Pressure  is equal to the height times the density of the fluid.

Head :
Toilet facilities or room where they are located.

Head :
Toilet facilities or room where they are located.

Headblock:
That portion of a sawmill carriage on which the log rests.  Each headblock consists of a base, a knee, a taper set, dogs, and a rack-and-pinion gear or some similar device for advancing the knees toward or withdrawing them from the saw line.

Headblock:
That portion of a sawmill carriage on which the log rests.  Each headblock consists of a base, a knee, a taper set, dogs, and a rack-and-pinion gear or some similar device for advancing the knees toward or withdrawing them from the saw line.

Headframe:
Structure supporting the shaft and hoist (hoisting) pulley. Often refers to the hoist itself.

Headframe:
Structure supporting the shaft and hoist (hoisting) pulley. Often refers to the hoist itself.

Heading :
The direction a boat is pointed.

Heading :
The direction a boat is pointed.

Headrig:
Sawing equipment used in the primary breakdown of logs.

Headrig:
Sawing equipment used in the primary breakdown of logs.

Headsail :
Any sail set forward of the mast.

Headsail :
Any sail set forward of the mast.

Headsaw:
In a sawmill, the large band saw or circular saw used to saw the log into lumber.

Headsaw:
In a sawmill, the large band saw or circular saw used to saw the log into lumber.

Head section:
The area of a conveyor used for discharging material. Most often this is the location of the conveyor drive (motor/gearbox).

Head section:
The area of a conveyor used for discharging material. Most often this is the location of the conveyor drive (motor/gearbox).

Head Up:
To sail closer to the wind.

Head Up:
To sail closer to the wind.

Headway :
Forward motion of a boat in the water.

Headway :
Forward motion of a boat in the water.

Heartwood:
The wood extending from the pith to the sapwood, the cells of which no longer participate in the life processes of the tree.  Heartwood may contain phenolic compounds, gums, resins, and other materials that usually make it darker and more decay resistant than sapwood.  Heartwood is very pronounced in southern pine.

Heartwood:
The wood extending from the pith to the sapwood, the cells of which no longer participate in the life processes of the tree.  Heartwood may contain phenolic compounds, gums, resins, and other materials that usually make it darker and more decay resistant than sapwood.  Heartwood is very pronounced in southern pine.

Heat:
The form of energy that has the capacity to create warmth or to increase the temperature of a substance. Any energy that is wasted or used to overcome friction is converted to heat.  Heat is measured in calories or British thermal units (Btu's).  One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

Heat:
The form of energy that has the capacity to create warmth or to increase the temperature of a substance. Any energy that is wasted or used to overcome friction is converted to heat.  Heat is measured in calories or British thermal units (Btu's).  One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

Heat:
The form of energy that has the capacity to create warmth or to increase the temperature of a substance. Any energy that is wasted or used to overcome friction is converted to heat.  Heat is measured in calories or British thermal units (Btu's).  One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

Heat:
The form of energy that has the capacity to create warmth or to increase the temperature of a substance. Any energy that is wasted or used to overcome friction is converted to heat.  Heat is measured in calories or British thermal units (Btu's).  One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

Heat:
The form of energy that has the capacity to create warmth or to increase the temperature of a substance. Any energy that is wasted or used to overcome friction is converted to heat.  Heat is measured in calories or British thermal units (Btu's).  One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

Heat Damage:
The result of heating in feeds that essentially binds nitrogen to the fibre portion of the feed making it partially or wholly unavailable. The net effect is reduced feed quality or feeding value.

Heat Damage:
The result of heating in feeds that essentially binds nitrogen to the fibre portion of the feed making it partially or wholly unavailable. The net effect is reduced feed quality or feeding value.

Heat exchanger:
A device which transfers heat through a conducting wall from one fluid to another.

Heat exchanger:
A device which transfers heat through a conducting wall from one fluid to another.

Heat exchanger:
A device which transfers heat through a conducting wall from one fluid to another.

Heat exchanger:
A device which transfers heat through a conducting wall from one fluid to another.

Heat exchanger:
A device which transfers heat through a conducting wall from one fluid to another.

Heat increment of feeding:
The heat produced when feed is ingested and utilized.

Heat increment of feeding:
The heat produced when feed is ingested and utilized.

Heating value:
The maximum amount of energy that is available from burning a substance.

Heating value:
The maximum amount of energy that is available from burning a substance.

Heat rate:
The amount of fuel energy required by a power plant to produce one kilowatt-hour of electrical output.

Heat rate:
The amount of fuel energy required by a power plant to produce one kilowatt-hour of electrical output.

Heat treatment:
A process in which heat is used to treat compound feed in order to reduce the microbial load and to eliminate pathogenic germs such as salmonella.

Heat treatment:
A process in which heat is used to treat compound feed in order to reduce the microbial load and to eliminate pathogenic germs such as salmonella.

Heave :
To pull on a line. Also to throw a line.

Heave :
To pull on a line. Also to throw a line.

Heaving to :
Setting the sails so the boat makes little headway, either used in a storm or a waiting situation.

Heaving to :
Setting the sails so the boat makes little headway, either used in a storm or a waiting situation.

Hectare (ha):
A metric unit of area, 100 metres by 100 metres (10,000 square metres); equivalent to 2.471 acres.

Hectare (ha):
A metric unit of area, 100 metres by 100 metres (10,000 square metres); equivalent to 2.471 acres.

Hectare (ha):
A metric unit of area, 100 metres by 100 metres (10,000 square metres); equivalent to 2.471 acres.

Hectare (ha):
A metric unit of area, 100 metres by 100 metres (10,000 square metres); equivalent to 2.471 acres.

Hectare (ha):
A metric unit of area, 100 metres by 100 metres (10,000 square metres); equivalent to 2.471 acres.

Heel :
To temporarily tip or lean to one side.

Heel :
To temporarily tip or lean to one side.

Heel boom:
A loader with a grapple or tongs at the end of a boom or arm which forces one end of the log being loaded against the underside of the boom to steady it and raise the front end of the log.

Heel boom:
A loader with a grapple or tongs at the end of a boom or arm which forces one end of the log being loaded against the underside of the boom to steady it and raise the front end of the log.

Helical:
Spiral-shaped: in the shape of a helix or spiral.

Helical:
Spiral-shaped: in the shape of a helix or spiral.

Helical:
Spiral-shaped: in the shape of a helix or spiral.

Helical:
Spiral-shaped: in the shape of a helix or spiral.

Helical:
Spiral-shaped: in the shape of a helix or spiral.

Helm :
Area of a boat where operational controls are located.

Helm :
Area of a boat where operational controls are located.

Hemicellulose:
The polysaccharide fraction existing in the cell wall of the plant.  It is similar to cellulose but is only partially digestible in the rumen.

Hemicellulose:
The polysaccharide fraction existing in the cell wall of the plant.  It is similar to cellulose but is only partially digestible in the rumen.

Hemicellulose:
The polysaccharide fraction existing in the cell wall of the plant.  It is similar to cellulose but is only partially digestible in the rumen.

Hemicellulose:
The polysaccharide fraction existing in the cell wall of the plant.  It is similar to cellulose but is only partially digestible in the rumen.

Herbaceous:
Non-woody type of vegetation, usually lacking permanent strong stems, such as grasses, cereals and canola (rape).

Herbaceous:
Non-woody type of vegetation, usually lacking permanent strong stems, such as grasses, cereals and canola (rape).

Herbaceous Energy Crops:
Perennial non-woody crops that are harvested annually, though they may take 2 to 3 years to reach full productivity. Examples include: Switchgrass, Reed canarygrass, Miscanthus, and Giant reed.

Herbaceous Energy Crops:
Perennial non-woody crops that are harvested annually, though they may take 2 to 3 years to reach full productivity. Examples include: Switchgrass, Reed canarygrass, Miscanthus, and Giant reed.

Herbivores:
Animals that feed on plant material.

Herbivores:
Animals that feed on plant material.

Hertz (Hz):
Unit of frequency; equal to one cycle per second (cps).

Hertz (Hz):
Unit of frequency; equal to one cycle per second (cps).

Hertz (Hz):
Unit of frequency; equal to one cycle per second (cps).

Hertz (Hz):
Unit of frequency; equal to one cycle per second (cps).

Hertz (Hz):
Unit of frequency; equal to one cycle per second (cps).

Higher heating value (HHV):
The maximum potential energy in dry fuel. For wood, the range is from 7,600 to 9,600 Btu/lb (17.7 to 22.3 GJ/t).

Higher heating value (HHV):
The maximum potential energy in dry fuel. For wood, the range is from 7,600 to 9,600 Btu/lb (17.7 to 22.3 GJ/t).

High-performance linerboard:
Papers with the same strength as regular paper grades but produced at a lower weight. This process gives more compression strength per pound of fiber than conventional liner, thus reducing total fiber use.

High-performance linerboard:
Papers with the same strength as regular paper grades but produced at a lower weight. This process gives more compression strength per pound of fiber than conventional liner, thus reducing total fiber use.

Hike :
To lean out on the windward side of a sailboat to achieve optimal speed by offsetting heeling.

Hike :
To lean out on the windward side of a sailboat to achieve optimal speed by offsetting heeling.

Hog fuel:
Waste wood that is used for generation of heat and process energy; made by reducing bark to a usable size.

Hog fuel:
Waste wood that is used for generation of heat and process energy; made by reducing bark to a usable size.

Hog fuel:
Waste wood that is used for generation of heat and process energy; made by reducing bark to a usable size.

Hog fuel:
Waste wood that is used for generation of heat and process energy; made by reducing bark to a usable size.

Hoist:
A drum on which hoisting rope is wound.

Hoist:
A drum on which hoisting rope is wound.

Hoisting:
The vertical transport of ore, coal, supplies and waste.

Hoisting:
The vertical transport of ore, coal, supplies and waste.

Holding tank :
Storage tank for waste water.

Holding tank :
Storage tank for waste water.

Hollow grind:
Grinding the saw plate on both sides so that the blade is thinner toward the eye than at the rim but leaving a hub in the center the same thickness as the rim.

Hollow grind:
Grinding the saw plate on both sides so that the blade is thinner toward the eye than at the rim but leaving a hub in the center the same thickness as the rim.

Holocellulose:
The total carbohydrate fraction of a plant. That is, cellulose plus hemicellulose.

Holocellulose:
The total carbohydrate fraction of a plant. That is, cellulose plus hemicellulose.

Holocellulose:
The total carbohydrate fraction of a plant. That is, cellulose plus hemicellulose.

Holocellulose:
The total carbohydrate fraction of a plant. That is, cellulose plus hemicellulose.

Honeycomb:
A cellular separation in the interior of a wood piece, usually along the wood grain, a result of internal stress. It normally occurs during kiln drying, particularly in White or Red Oak, when too much heat is applied too rapidly.

Honeycomb:
A cellular separation in the interior of a wood piece, usually along the wood grain, a result of internal stress. It normally occurs during kiln drying, particularly in White or Red Oak, when too much heat is applied too rapidly.

Honeycombing:
A drying defect which occurs when tensile stresses in the core (usually a result of collapse) result in the formation of internal cavities.

Honeycombing:
A drying defect which occurs when tensile stresses in the core (usually a result of collapse) result in the formation of internal cavities.

Hook:
The angle at which the face of the tooth contacts the material to be cut.

Hook:
The angle at which the face of the tooth contacts the material to be cut.

Hopper:
A funnel shaped bin used to store grain or pelleted feed.

Hopper:
A funnel shaped bin used to store grain or pelleted feed.

Horizontally laminated timbers:
Laminated timbers designed to resist bending loads applied perpendicular to the wide faces of the laminations.

Horizontally laminated timbers:
Laminated timbers designed to resist bending loads applied perpendicular to the wide faces of the laminations.

Horsepower (hp):
The power required to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second or 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute.  A horsepower is equal to 746 watts or to 42.2 British thermal units per minute.

Horsepower (hp):
The power required to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second or 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute.  A horsepower is equal to 746 watts or to 42.2 British thermal units per minute.

Horsepower (hp):
The power required to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second or 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute.  A horsepower is equal to 746 watts or to 42.2 British thermal units per minute.

Horsepower (hp):
The power required to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second or 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute.  A horsepower is equal to 746 watts or to 42.2 British thermal units per minute.

Horsepower (hp):
The power required to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second or 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute.  A horsepower is equal to 746 watts or to 42.2 British thermal units per minute.

Host rock:
A layer of rock which holds or surrounds the mineral bearing rock.

Host rock:
A layer of rock which holds or surrounds the mineral bearing rock.

Hot deck:
A pile of logs from which logs are hauled as soon as they are yarded.

Hot deck:
A pile of logs from which logs are hauled as soon as they are yarded.

Houseboat :
A large, flat-bottom boat with square sides and house-like characteristics, such as comfortable furniture and living accommodations.

Houseboat :
A large, flat-bottom boat with square sides and house-like characteristics, such as comfortable furniture and living accommodations.

Hull :
The structural body of the boat that rests in the water.

Hull :
The structural body of the boat that rests in the water.

Husbandry:
Economic management of a farm; care, cultivation and breeding of crops and animals.

Husbandry:
Economic management of a farm; care, cultivation and breeding of crops and animals.

Husk:
A term used for the parts of the sawing system supporting the arbor, saw, saw guide, and splitter, usually on a circular saw headrig; more simply, the arbor support frame.

Husk:
A term used for the parts of the sawing system supporting the arbor, saw, saw guide, and splitter, usually on a circular saw headrig; more simply, the arbor support frame.

Hydraulic:
To move or convey by fluid.

Hydraulic:
To move or convey by fluid.

Hydraulic:
To move or convey by fluid.

Hydraulic:
To move or convey by fluid.

Hydraulic:
To move or convey by fluid.

Hydraulic balance:
A condition of equal opposed hydraulic forces acting on a part in a hydraulic component.

Hydraulic balance:
A condition of equal opposed hydraulic forces acting on a part in a hydraulic component.

Hydraulic balance:
A condition of equal opposed hydraulic forces acting on a part in a hydraulic component.

Hydraulic balance:
A condition of equal opposed hydraulic forces acting on a part in a hydraulic component.

Hydraulic balance:
A condition of equal opposed hydraulic forces acting on a part in a hydraulic component.

Hydraulic control:
A control which is actuated by hydraulically induced forces.

Hydraulic control:
A control which is actuated by hydraulically induced forces.

Hydraulic control:
A control which is actuated by hydraulically induced forces.

Hydraulic control:
A control which is actuated by hydraulically induced forces.

Hydraulic control:
A control which is actuated by hydraulically induced forces.

Hydraulics:
Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow.

Hydraulics:
Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow.

Hydraulics:
Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow.

Hydraulics:
Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow.

Hydraulics:
Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow.

Hydrodynamics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquid flow and pressure.

Hydrodynamics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquid flow and pressure.

Hydrodynamics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquid flow and pressure.

Hydrodynamics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquid flow and pressure.

Hydrodynamics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquid flow and pressure.

Hydrolysis:
A chemical reaction that releases sugars, which are normally linked together in complex chains. In ethanol production, hydrolysis reactions are used to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass.

Hydrolysis:
A chemical reaction that releases sugars, which are normally linked together in complex chains. In ethanol production, hydrolysis reactions are used to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass.

Hydrostatics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquids at rest.

Hydrostatics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquids at rest.

Hydrostatics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquids at rest.

Hydrostatics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquids at rest.

Hydrostatics:
Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquids at rest.

Hygrometer:
An instrument for measuring the humidity of air.

Hygrometer:
An instrument for measuring the humidity of air.

Hygrometer:
An instrument for measuring the humidity of air.

Hygrometer:
An instrument for measuring the humidity of air.

Hygrometer:
An instrument for measuring the humidity of air.

Hygroscopic:
Changes its moisture content to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere.

Hygroscopic:
Changes its moisture content to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere.

Hygroscopic:
Changes its moisture content to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere.

Hygroscopic:
Changes its moisture content to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere.

Hygroscopic:
Changes its moisture content to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere.

I-joists:
Wooden members made of two pieces of LVL held together with a web of OSB. Substituted for wide dimensional lumber as a support for a ceiling or floor.

I-joists:
Wooden members made of two pieces of LVL held together with a web of OSB. Substituted for wide dimensional lumber as a support for a ceiling or floor.

Ilmenite:
An ore mineral of titanium, being an iron-titanium oxide.

Ilmenite:
An ore mineral of titanium, being an iron-titanium oxide.

Impact:
In crushing/grinding terms the instantaneous collision of one moving object against another. Both can be moving or one object can be motionless. Types of impact are gravity impact and dynamic impact.

Impact:
In crushing/grinding terms the instantaneous collision of one moving object against another. Both can be moving or one object can be motionless. Types of impact are gravity impact and dynamic impact.

Implosion:
The sudden collapse of dry kiln wall panels due to unequal air pressure between the inside of the kiln.  This usually occurs on startup as hot, expanded air suddenly cools and contracts as it passes through green lumber.  The vents must open on startup to prevent this.

Implosion:
The sudden collapse of dry kiln wall panels due to unequal air pressure between the inside of the kiln.  This usually occurs on startup as hot, expanded air suddenly cools and contracts as it passes through green lumber.  The vents must open on startup to prevent this.

Inboard engine :
An internal combustion engine often mounted amidships that runs a drive shaft through the hull bottom.

Inboard engine :
An internal combustion engine often mounted amidships that runs a drive shaft through the hull bottom.

Inboard/outboard (I/O) :
Propulsion system composed of an inboard engine connected to a steerable drive unit extending through a cut-out in the transom.

Inboard/outboard (I/O) :
Propulsion system composed of an inboard engine connected to a steerable drive unit extending through a cut-out in the transom.

Inch (in):
A unit of length equal to one-twelfth of a foot (2.54 cm).

Inch (in):
A unit of length equal to one-twelfth of a foot (2.54 cm).

Inch (in):
A unit of length equal to one-twelfth of a foot (2.54 cm).

Inch (in):
A unit of length equal to one-twelfth of a foot (2.54 cm).

Inch (in):
A unit of length equal to one-twelfth of a foot (2.54 cm).

Inch (in):
A unit of length equal to one-twelfth of a foot (2.54 cm).

Inclined grate:
A type of furnace in which fuel enters at the top part of a grate in a continuous ribbon, passes over the upper drying section where moisture is removed, and descends into the lower burning section. Ash is removed at the lower part of the grate.

Inclined grate:
A type of furnace in which fuel enters at the top part of a grate in a continuous ribbon, passes over the upper drying section where moisture is removed, and descends into the lower burning section. Ash is removed at the lower part of the grate.

Inclusion level:
The amount in pounds or kilos that a specific ingredient is included within a ration. This will be measured in pounds, percent, milligrams, grams, parts per million (ppm), international units (iu), etc

Inclusion level:
The amount in pounds or kilos that a specific ingredient is included within a ration. This will be measured in pounds, percent, milligrams, grams, parts per million (ppm), international units (iu), etc

Indicated resource:
Term to describe the size of a resource that has had exploration drill holes spaced closely enough together to reasonably indicate that it has a continuous size and depth.

Indicated resource:
Term to describe the size of a resource that has had exploration drill holes spaced closely enough together to reasonably indicate that it has a continuous size and depth.

Indirect liquefaction:
Conversion of biomass to a liquid fuel through a synthesis gas intermediate step.

Indirect liquefaction:
Conversion of biomass to a liquid fuel through a synthesis gas intermediate step.

Induced polarization:
Geophysical surveying technique using an electrical current to determine indications of mineralization.

Induced polarization:
Geophysical surveying technique using an electrical current to determine indications of mineralization.

Industrial minerals:
Non-metallic, non-fuel minerals used in their natural state in the chemical and manufacturing industries. They require some beneficiation. Examples: asbestos, gypsum, salt, graphite, mica, gravel, building stone and talc.

Industrial minerals:
Non-metallic, non-fuel minerals used in their natural state in the chemical and manufacturing industries. They require some beneficiation. Examples: asbestos, gypsum, salt, graphite, mica, gravel, building stone and talc.

Infeed:
The direction a workpiece is fed into a blade or cutter.

Infeed:
The direction a workpiece is fed into a blade or cutter.

Infeed Rolls:
Rolls placed ahead of certain types of saws or chip heads to force the material through the machine.

Infeed Rolls:
Rolls placed ahead of certain types of saws or chip heads to force the material through the machine.

Inferred resource:
Term to describe a resource whose size and grade has been estimated on limited sampling data. Often used in the early stage of exploration.

Inferred resource:
Term to describe a resource whose size and grade has been estimated on limited sampling data. Often used in the early stage of exploration.

Inflatable boat :
A type of boat with air chambers into which air is pumped either manually or automatically for buoyancy, some having rigid bottoms.

Inflatable boat :
A type of boat with air chambers into which air is pumped either manually or automatically for buoyancy, some having rigid bottoms.

Ingredients:
The components that make up a ration - such as oats, corn, soybean meal.

Ingredients:
The components that make up a ration - such as oats, corn, soybean meal.

In Irons:
Headed directly into the wind with no headway; the boat cannot be trimmed to fill on either tack. Also, "in stays".

In Irons:
Headed directly into the wind with no headway; the boat cannot be trimmed to fill on either tack. Also, "in stays".

Inner liner :
Smooth-finished, molded fibreglass structure adjacent to the inside portion of the hull.

Inner liner :
Smooth-finished, molded fibreglass structure adjacent to the inside portion of the hull.

Inorganic:
Nutrient that is a "mined from the earth" mineral or trace mineral.

Inorganic:
Nutrient that is a "mined from the earth" mineral or trace mineral.

Inserted point (inserted tooth):
The tooth used in an inserted-tooth saw.

Inserted point (inserted tooth):
The tooth used in an inserted-tooth saw.

Insulating board:
A generic term for a homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or cane) characterized by an integral bond produced by interfelting of the fibers, to which other materials may have been added during manufacture to improve certain properties, but which has not been consolidated under heat and pressure as a separate stage in manufacture, said board having a density of less than 31 pcf (specific gravity 0.50) but having a density of more than 10 pcf (specific gravity 0.16).

Insulating board:
A generic term for a homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or cane) characterized by an integral bond produced by interfelting of the fibers, to which other materials may have been added during manufacture to improve certain properties, but which has not been consolidated under heat and pressure as a separate stage in manufacture, said board having a density of less than 31 pcf (specific gravity 0.50) but having a density of more than 10 pcf (specific gravity 0.16).

International 1/4-Inch Log Rule:
This rule was developed in 1906 and is based on a reasonably accurate mathematical formula. The rule allows for a 1/4-inch saw kerf and a fixed taper allowance of 1/2 inch per 4 feet of log length. Deductions are also allowed for shrinkage of boards and a slab thickness that varies with the log diameter. Overall, the International 1/4-Inch Log Rule is the most consistent and is often used as a basis of comparison for log rules.

International 1/4-Inch Log Rule:
This rule was developed in 1906 and is based on a reasonably accurate mathematical formula. The rule allows for a 1/4-inch saw kerf and a fixed taper allowance of 1/2 inch per 4 feet of log length. Deductions are also allowed for shrinkage of boards and a slab thickness that varies with the log diameter. Overall, the International 1/4-Inch Log Rule is the most consistent and is often used as a basis of comparison for log rules.

Inter-relationships:
All nutrients in a ration depend on other nutrients in a ration to be utilised correctly.

Inter-relationships:
All nutrients in a ration depend on other nutrients in a ration to be utilised correctly.

Inverter :
Device that changes 12-, 24- or 32-volt direct current (DC) from a battery to 120-volt alternating current (AC).

Inverter :
Device that changes 12-, 24- or 32-volt direct current (DC) from a battery to 120-volt alternating current (AC).

In Vitro:
Refers to a feed sample that is digested in test tubes or tested outside the animal.

In Vitro:
Refers to a feed sample that is digested in test tubes or tested outside the animal.

In Vivo:
Refers to a digestion study of feed that is tested inside the animal’s rumen or stomach.

In Vivo:
Refers to a digestion study of feed that is tested inside the animal’s rumen or stomach.

Isotropic:
Exhibiting the same properties in all directions.

Isotropic:
Exhibiting the same properties in all directions.

Isotropic:
Exhibiting the same properties in all directions.

Isotropic:
Exhibiting the same properties in all directions.

Jackhammer:
Rock breaking pneumatic hammer or rock drill.

Jackhammer:
Rock breaking pneumatic hammer or rock drill.

Jack plate :
A mounting device for an outboard motor that enables operators to vertically raise or lower the motor, thereby controlling propeller depth in the water.

Jack plate :
A mounting device for an outboard motor that enables operators to vertically raise or lower the motor, thereby controlling propeller depth in the water.

Jaw crusher:
A compression type crusher with consists of two metal plates that crush material as they close together. Typically used in primary crushing as a means of preparing rocks for subsequent crushing stages.

Jaw crusher:
A compression type crusher with consists of two metal plates that crush material as they close together. Typically used in primary crushing as a means of preparing rocks for subsequent crushing stages.

Jet boat :
A boat powered by an engine with a water-pump used to create propulsion.

Jet boat :
A boat powered by an engine with a water-pump used to create propulsion.

Jib :
Triangular sail projecting ahead of the mast.

Jib :
Triangular sail projecting ahead of the mast.

Jibe :
Also spelled gybe. To change the course of a boat so that the boom swings over to the opposite side.

Jibe :
Also spelled gybe. To change the course of a boat so that the boom swings over to the opposite side.

Joinery:
Finished timber fixtures of buildings such as doors, windows, panelling, cupboards, etc.

Joinery:
Finished timber fixtures of buildings such as doors, windows, panelling, cupboards, etc.

Jointing:
The act of reducing the points of all knives on a planer head to coincide with the circumference of a circle when the head is rotated.

Jointing:
The act of reducing the points of all knives on a planer head to coincide with the circumference of a circle when the head is rotated.

Joist:
One of a series of parallel beams used to support floor and ceiling loads, supported in turn by larger beams, girders, or bearing walls.

Joist:
One of a series of parallel beams used to support floor and ceiling loads, supported in turn by larger beams, girders, or bearing walls.

Jon boat:
A jon boat (or johnboat) is a flat-bottomed boat constructed of aluminum, fiberglass, or wood with one, two, or three bench seats. They are suitable for fishing and hunting.

Jon boat:
A jon boat (or johnboat) is a flat-bottomed boat constructed of aluminum, fiberglass, or wood with one, two, or three bench seats. They are suitable for fishing and hunting.

Joule (J):
1.  A unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance
     of one metre.  One joule is equivalent to one watt second or 0.737 foot pounds.
2.  A unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere is passed
     through a resistance of one ohm for one second.

Joule (J):
1.  A unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance
     of one metre.  One joule is equivalent to one watt second or 0.737 foot pounds.
2.  A unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere is passed
     through a resistance of one ohm for one second.

Joule (J):
1.  A unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance
     of one metre.  One joule is equivalent to one watt second or 0.737 foot pounds.
2.  A unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere is passed
     through a resistance of one ohm for one second.

Joule (J):
1.  A unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance
     of one metre.  One joule is equivalent to one watt second or 0.737 foot pounds.
2.  A unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere is passed
     through a resistance of one ohm for one second.

Joule (J):
1.  A unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance
     of one metre.  One joule is equivalent to one watt second or 0.737 foot pounds.
2.  A unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere is passed
     through a resistance of one ohm for one second.

Joule (J):
1.  A unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance
     of one metre.  One joule is equivalent to one watt second or 0.737 foot pounds.
2.  A unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere is passed
     through a resistance of one ohm for one second.

Joystick:
Stick or handle type input device mounted on the operator's console.  Some joysticks have buttons mounted on the handle.  Moving the joystick handle can send either discrete or analog input signals to the PLC.

Joystick:
Stick or handle type input device mounted on the operator's console.  Some joysticks have buttons mounted on the handle.  Moving the joystick handle can send either discrete or analog input signals to the PLC.

Joystick:
Stick or handle type input device mounted on the operator's console.  Some joysticks have buttons mounted on the handle.  Moving the joystick handle can send either discrete or analog input signals to the PLC.

Joystick:
Stick or handle type input device mounted on the operator's console.  Some joysticks have buttons mounted on the handle.  Moving the joystick handle can send either discrete or analog input signals to the PLC.

Juvenile spacing:
A silvicultural treatment to reduce the number of trees in young stands, often carried out before the stems removed are large enough to be used or sold as a forest product. Prevents stagnation and improves growing conditions for the remaining crop trees so that at final harvest the end-product quality and value is increased. See also Commercial thinning.

Juvenile spacing:
A silvicultural treatment to reduce the number of trees in young stands, often carried out before the stems removed are large enough to be used or sold as a forest product. Prevents stagnation and improves growing conditions for the remaining crop trees so that at final harvest the end-product quality and value is increased. See also Commercial thinning.

Juvenile wood:
The innermost rings of wood adjacent to the pith, formed during the initial development of that part of the stem by the live crown.  As the crown moves higher with growth in subsequent years, "mature" wood rings are formed.  Certain features of juvenile wood, such as cell structure and size, differ from those typical of mature wood.

Juvenile wood:
The innermost rings of wood adjacent to the pith, formed during the initial development of that part of the stem by the live crown.  As the crown moves higher with growth in subsequent years, "mature" wood rings are formed.  Certain features of juvenile wood, such as cell structure and size, differ from those typical of mature wood.

Kappa number:
A test for the degree of lignification of pulps.

Kappa number:
A test for the degree of lignification of pulps.

Kappa number:
A test for the degree of lignification of pulps.

Kappa number:
A test for the degree of lignification of pulps.

KD:
Kiln-dry wood.  Dried in a kiln with the use of artificial heat to a specified moisture content.

KD:
Kiln-dry wood.  Dried in a kiln with the use of artificial heat to a specified moisture content.

Keel:
The bottom-most portion or longitudinal centerline of a hull.

Keel:
The bottom-most portion or longitudinal centerline of a hull.

Kerf:
1.  Width of the cut made by a saw blade.
2.  The width of the saw tooth at its outermost widest point.

Kerf:
1.  Width of the cut made by a saw blade.
2.  The width of the saw tooth at its outermost widest point.

Kernels:
The individual seeds from stalks of grain.

Kernels:
The individual seeds from stalks of grain.

Ketch:
A sailboat similar in appearance to a yawl with a tall main mast and a shorter mizzen mast ahead of the rudder post.

Ketch:
A sailboat similar in appearance to a yawl with a tall main mast and a shorter mizzen mast ahead of the rudder post.

Key:
A small, parallel-sided piece, flat or tapered on top, for securing pulleys and other parts to shafts.

Key:
A small, parallel-sided piece, flat or tapered on top, for securing pulleys and other parts to shafts.

Key:
A small, parallel-sided piece, flat or tapered on top, for securing pulleys and other parts to shafts.

Key:
A small, parallel-sided piece, flat or tapered on top, for securing pulleys and other parts to shafts.

Key:
A small, parallel-sided piece, flat or tapered on top, for securing pulleys and other parts to shafts.

Keyway:
A groove or channel for a key, as in a shaft or the hub of a pulley; a keyseat.

Keyway:
A groove or channel for a key, as in a shaft or the hub of a pulley; a keyseat.

Keyway:
A groove or channel for a key, as in a shaft or the hub of a pulley; a keyseat.

Keyway:
A groove or channel for a key, as in a shaft or the hub of a pulley; a keyseat.

Keyway:
A groove or channel for a key, as in a shaft or the hub of a pulley; a keyseat.

Kicker motor:
A small auxiliary outboard motor.

Kicker motor:
A small auxiliary outboard motor.

Kill switch:
A switch with a lanyard that automatically shuts off an engine if disconnected.

Kill switch:
A switch with a lanyard that automatically shuts off an engine if disconnected.

Kiln:
A chamber having controlled airflow, temperature, and relative humidity for drying lumber, veneer, and other wood products.

Kiln:
A chamber having controlled airflow, temperature, and relative humidity for drying lumber, veneer, and other wood products.

Kiln carts, trucks:
A framework equipped with wheels that supports a load of lumber for kiln drying.  Used in track kilns.  Trucks also refer to the wheel assemblies alone.

Kiln carts, trucks:
A framework equipped with wheels that supports a load of lumber for kiln drying.  Used in track kilns.  Trucks also refer to the wheel assemblies alone.

Kiln-drying schedule:
A stipulated set of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures and air velocities employed in drying a kiln charge of lumber or other wood products.

Kiln-drying schedule:
A stipulated set of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures and air velocities employed in drying a kiln charge of lumber or other wood products.

Kiln-dry wood:
Dried in a kiln with the use of artificial heat to a specified moisture content.

Kiln-dry wood:
Dried in a kiln with the use of artificial heat to a specified moisture content.

Kiln kink:
The distortion in lumber that results from the uneven forces applied by misplaced truck supports and crossouts.  Once dried into the lumber their effect is permanent.

Kiln kink:
The distortion in lumber that results from the uneven forces applied by misplaced truck supports and crossouts.  Once dried into the lumber their effect is permanent.

Kilns, direct-fired:
Dry kilns that are heated with combustion air (gas or wood fired).

Kilns, direct-fired:
Dry kilns that are heated with combustion air (gas or wood fired).

Kilns, package:
A trackless compartment kiln for drying packages of stickered lumber.  It has large doors through which a forklift loads lumber directly within the kiln.

Kilns, package:
A trackless compartment kiln for drying packages of stickered lumber.  It has large doors through which a forklift loads lumber directly within the kiln.

Kilns, steam:
Kilns heated by steam.

Kilns, steam:
Kilns heated by steam.

Kilns, track:
Kilns loaded by placing lumber on kiln trucks that run on tracks within the kiln.  These can be single- or double-tracked kilns.

Kilns, track:
Kilns loaded by placing lumber on kiln trucks that run on tracks within the kiln.  These can be single- or double-tracked kilns.

Kilogram (kg):
The basic unit of mass in the SI system, equal to 1,000 grams (approximately 2.2 lbs).

Kilogram (kg):
The basic unit of mass in the SI system, equal to 1,000 grams (approximately 2.2 lbs).

Kilogram (kg):
The basic unit of mass in the SI system, equal to 1,000 grams (approximately 2.2 lbs).

Kilogram (kg):
The basic unit of mass in the SI system, equal to 1,000 grams (approximately 2.2 lbs).

Kilogram (kg):
The basic unit of mass in the SI system, equal to 1,000 grams (approximately 2.2 lbs).

Kilogram (kg):
The basic unit of mass in the SI system, equal to 1,000 grams (approximately 2.2 lbs).

Kilometre (km):
A measure of length equal to 1,000 metres or 0.62 miles.

Kilometre (km):
A measure of length equal to 1,000 metres or 0.62 miles.

Kilometre (km):
A measure of length equal to 1,000 metres or 0.62 miles.

Kilometre (km):
A measure of length equal to 1,000 metres or 0.62 miles.

Kilometre (km):
A measure of length equal to 1,000 metres or 0.62 miles.

Kilometre (km):
A measure of length equal to 1,000 metres or 0.62 miles.

Kilowatt hour (kWh):
A measure of energy equivalent to the expenditure of one kilowatt for one hour. For example, 1 kWh will light a 100-watt light bulb for 10 hours. 1 kWh = 3,413 Btu.

Kilowatt hour (kWh):
A measure of energy equivalent to the expenditure of one kilowatt for one hour. For example, 1 kWh will light a 100-watt light bulb for 10 hours. 1 kWh = 3,413 Btu.

Kilowatt hour (kWh):
A measure of energy equivalent to the expenditure of one kilowatt for one hour. For example, 1 kWh will light a 100-watt light bulb for 10 hours. 1 kWh = 3,413 Btu.

Kilowatt (kW):
A measure of electrical power equal to 1,000 watts. 1 kW = 3,413 Btu/hr = 1.341 horsepower.

Kilowatt (kW):
A measure of electrical power equal to 1,000 watts. 1 kW = 3,413 Btu/hr = 1.341 horsepower.

Kilowatt (kW):
A measure of electrical power equal to 1,000 watts. 1 kW = 3,413 Btu/hr = 1.341 horsepower.

Kimberlite:
The most common host rock of diamonds.

Kimberlite:
The most common host rock of diamonds.

Kinetic energy:
Energy that a substance or body has by virtue of its mass (weight) and velocity.

Kinetic energy:
Energy that a substance or body has by virtue of its mass (weight) and velocity.

Kinetic energy:
Energy that a substance or body has by virtue of its mass (weight) and velocity.

Kinetic energy:
Energy that a substance or body has by virtue of its mass (weight) and velocity.

Kinetic energy:
Energy that a substance or body has by virtue of its mass (weight) and velocity.

Kinetic energy:
Energy that a substance or body has by virtue of its mass (weight) and velocity.

Kite fishing:
A technique that involves attaching a fishing line to a kite to present bait at a distance from the boat.

Kite fishing:
A technique that involves attaching a fishing line to a kite to present bait at a distance from the boat.

Knee:
The part of a sawmill carriage headblock that bears the carriage dogs, which hold the log being sawed.  It also supports the levers used to operate both the carriage dogs and the taper set.

Knee:
The part of a sawmill carriage headblock that bears the carriage dogs, which hold the log being sawed.  It also supports the levers used to operate both the carriage dogs and the taper set.

Knife marks:
The number of knife marks per inch created by a planer head.

Knife marks:
The number of knife marks per inch created by a planer head.

Knot:
Speed measured in nautical miles per hour.

Knot:
Speed measured in nautical miles per hour.

Knot:
Speed measured in nautical miles per hour.

Knot, encased:
The rings of annual growth are not intergrown with those of the surrounding wood.

Knot, encased:
The rings of annual growth are not intergrown with those of the surrounding wood.

Knothole:
Opening produced when knots drop from the wood in which they were once embedded.

Knothole:
Opening produced when knots drop from the wood in which they were once embedded.

Knot, intergrown:
The rings of annual growth are completely intergrown with those of the surrounding wood.

Knot, intergrown:
The rings of annual growth are completely intergrown with those of the surrounding wood.

Knot, loose:
Is not held firmly in place by growth or position and cannot be relied on to remain in place.

Knot, loose:
Is not held firmly in place by growth or position and cannot be relied on to remain in place.

Knot, open:
Opening produced when a portion of a knot has dropped out or separated due to seasoning.

Knot, open:
Opening produced when a portion of a knot has dropped out or separated due to seasoning.

Knot, pin:
Is not more than inch in diameter.

Knot, pin:
Is not more than inch in diameter.

Knot, sound:
Is solid across its face, at least as hard as the surrounding wood, and shows no indication of decay.

Knot, sound:
Is solid across its face, at least as hard as the surrounding wood, and shows no indication of decay.

Knot, spike:
Is cut approximately parallel to its long axis so that the exposed section is definitely elongated.

Knot, spike:
Is cut approximately parallel to its long axis so that the exposed section is definitely elongated.

Knuckleboom:
A hydraulically operated loading boom whose mechanical action imitates the human arm. Common on "forwarders".

Knuckleboom:
A hydraulically operated loading boom whose mechanical action imitates the human arm. Common on "forwarders".

Knuckleboom:
A hydraulically operated loading boom whose mechanical action imitates the human arm. Common on "forwarders".

Knuckleboom:
A hydraulically operated loading boom whose mechanical action imitates the human arm. Common on "forwarders".

Koepe Hoist:
Friction hoisting system in which the winding drum is replaced by large wheels or sheaves over which an endless rope passes.

Koepe Hoist:
Friction hoisting system in which the winding drum is replaced by large wheels or sheaves over which an endless rope passes.

Kraft paper:
Heavy brown paper sometimes treated to be water repellant.

Kraft paper:
Heavy brown paper sometimes treated to be water repellant.

Kraft pulp:
A chemical wood pulp obtained by cooking wood chips at a high temperature in a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide.

Kraft pulp:
A chemical wood pulp obtained by cooking wood chips at a high temperature in a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide.

Kraft (sulfate) process:
A chemical pulping process in which lignin is dissolved by a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide.

Kraft (sulfate) process:
A chemical pulping process in which lignin is dissolved by a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide.

Lactation:
Describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands, the process of providing milk to the young and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. Chief function is to provide nutrition to the young after birth.

Lactation:
Describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands, the process of providing milk to the young and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. Chief function is to provide nutrition to the young after birth.

Laminar (flow):
A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.

Laminar (flow):
A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.

Laminar (flow):
A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.

Laminar (flow):
A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.

Laminar (flow):
A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.

Laminate:
A product made by bonding together two or more layers (laminations) of material or materials.

Laminate:
A product made by bonding together two or more layers (laminations) of material or materials.

Laminate:
A product made by bonding together two or more layers (laminations) of material or materials.

Laminate:
A product made by bonding together two or more layers (laminations) of material or materials.

Laminate:
A product made by bonding together two or more layers (laminations) of material or materials.

Laminate:
A product made by bonding together two or more layers (laminations) of material or materials.

Laminated linerboard:
Two or more plies of linerboard adhered to one another for increased structural stability.

Laminated linerboard:
Two or more plies of linerboard adhered to one another for increased structural stability.

Laminated timbers:
An assembly made by bonding layers of veneer or lumber with an adhesive so that the grain of all laminations is essentially parallel.

Laminated timbers:
An assembly made by bonding layers of veneer or lumber with an adhesive so that the grain of all laminations is essentially parallel.

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL):
A structural lumber manufacture from veneers laminated into a panel with the grain of all veneer running parallel.  The resulting panel is generally manufactured in 3/4 to 1-1/2 inch thicknesses and ripped to common lumber widths of 1-1/2 to 11-1/2 inches, or wider.

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL):
A structural lumber manufacture from veneers laminated into a panel with the grain of all veneer running parallel.  The resulting panel is generally manufactured in 3/4 to 1-1/2 inch thicknesses and ripped to common lumber widths of 1-1/2 to 11-1/2 inches, or wider.

Lamp:
Electric powered cap lamp worn for visibility. Also a flame safety lamp used in coal mines to detect mine gases or lack of oxygen.

Lamp:
Electric powered cap lamp worn for visibility. Also a flame safety lamp used in coal mines to detect mine gases or lack of oxygen.

Landfill gas:
A type of biogas that is generated by decomposition of organic material at landfill disposal sites.

Landfill gas:
A type of biogas that is generated by decomposition of organic material at landfill disposal sites.

Landing:
A place where logs are collected prior to further transportation.

Landing:
A place where logs are collected prior to further transportation.

Latewood:
The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed after the earlywood formation had ceased.  It is usually denser and stronger mechanically than earlywood.  Also called Summerwood.

Latewood:
The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed after the earlywood formation had ceased.  It is usually denser and stronger mechanically than earlywood.  Also called Summerwood.

Latitude:
Geographic distance north or south of the equator expressed in degrees and minutes.

Latitude:
Geographic distance north or south of the equator expressed in degrees and minutes.

Launder:
Chute or trough for conveying pulp, water or powdered ore in a mill.

Launder:
Chute or trough for conveying pulp, water or powdered ore in a mill.

Layback:
Amount of waste rock to be mined in order to achieve a safe working angle of an open pit wall.

Layback:
Amount of waste rock to be mined in order to achieve a safe working angle of an open pit wall.

Layup:
The process of loosely assembling the adhesive-coated components of a unit, particularly a panel, to be pressed or clamped.

Layup:
The process of loosely assembling the adhesive-coated components of a unit, particularly a panel, to be pressed or clamped.

Leachable:
Extractable by chemical solvents.

Leachable:
Extractable by chemical solvents.

Leaching:
Chemical process to dissolve and extract minerals from ore. Also a natural process by which ground waters dissolve minerals.

Leaching:
Chemical process to dissolve and extract minerals from ore. Also a natural process by which ground waters dissolve minerals.

Lead:
Nonparallel alignment of the guide track and circle saw plate which offsets carriage travel with respect to the saw plane.  The purpose is to provide clearance for the back of the saw and counteract the tendency of the saw to run out of logs.  Also used to denote the tendency of a saw to pull or "lead" to one side in a cut, often caused by off-square.

Lead:
Nonparallel alignment of the guide track and circle saw plate which offsets carriage travel with respect to the saw plane.  The purpose is to provide clearance for the back of the saw and counteract the tendency of the saw to run out of logs.  Also used to denote the tendency of a saw to pull or "lead" to one side in a cut, often caused by off-square.

Leaning post :
Wide, padded bolster at the helm used instead of or in lieu of conventional seats.

Leaning post :
Wide, padded bolster at the helm used instead of or in lieu of conventional seats.

Lee :
Direction toward which the wind blows.

Lee :
Direction toward which the wind blows.

Lee side :
The side of an object that is sheltered from the wind.

Lee side :
The side of an object that is sheltered from the wind.

Leeway:
To slip sideways downwind while moving forward.

Leeway:
To slip sideways downwind while moving forward.

Left-hand sawmill:
A sawmill in which the carriage and saw are on the left-hand side of a person standing on the log deck and facing the rear of the mill.

Left-hand sawmill:
A sawmill in which the carriage and saw are on the left-hand side of a person standing on the log deck and facing the rear of the mill.

Legume:
Any of thousands of plant species that have seed pods that split along both sides when ripe. Some of the more common legumes used for human consumption are beans, lentils, peanuts, peas, and soybeans. Others, such as clover and alfalfa, are used as animal feed.

Legume:
Any of thousands of plant species that have seed pods that split along both sides when ripe. Some of the more common legumes used for human consumption are beans, lentils, peanuts, peas, and soybeans. Others, such as clover and alfalfa, are used as animal feed.

Leg wires:
Wires attached to a electric blasting cap. Used to initiate detonation.

Leg wires:
Wires attached to a electric blasting cap. Used to initiate detonation.

Lens:
Body of ore that is thick in the middle and tapers near the ends.

Lens:
Body of ore that is thick in the middle and tapers near the ends.

Level:
Perfectly horizontal.

Level:
Perfectly horizontal.

Level:
Perfectly horizontal.

Level:
Perfectly horizontal.

Level:
Perfectly horizontal.

Leveling:
The act of bringing a saw to a flat, even surface.

Leveling:
The act of bringing a saw to a flat, even surface.

Levelized life-cycle cost:
The present value of the cost of a resource, including capital, financing and operating costs, expressed as a stream of equal annual payments. By levelizing costs, resources with different lifetimes and generating capabilities can be compared.

Levelized life-cycle cost:
The present value of the cost of a resource, including capital, financing and operating costs, expressed as a stream of equal annual payments. By levelizing costs, resources with different lifetimes and generating capabilities can be compared.

Leverage:
A gain in output force over input force by sacrificing the distance moved.  Mechanical advantage or force multiplication.

Leverage:
A gain in output force over input force by sacrificing the distance moved.  Mechanical advantage or force multiplication.

Leverage:
A gain in output force over input force by sacrificing the distance moved.  Mechanical advantage or force multiplication.

Leverage:
A gain in output force over input force by sacrificing the distance moved.  Mechanical advantage or force multiplication.

Leverage:
A gain in output force over input force by sacrificing the distance moved.  Mechanical advantage or force multiplication.

Lever-type swage:
A device for widening the tips of saw teeth by drawing out the tooth point between a lever-actuated die and a fixed anvil.

Lever-type swage:
A device for widening the tips of saw teeth by drawing out the tooth point between a lever-actuated die and a fixed anvil.

Lifeline :
Safety lines on deck that are grabbed to prevent falling overboard.

Lifeline :
Safety lines on deck that are grabbed to prevent falling overboard.

Lift:
The height a body or column of fluid is raised; for instance, from the reservoir to the pump inlet.  Lift is sometimes used to express a negative pressure or vacuum.  The opposite of head.

Lift:
The height a body or column of fluid is raised; for instance, from the reservoir to the pump inlet.  Lift is sometimes used to express a negative pressure or vacuum.  The opposite of head.

Lift:
The height a body or column of fluid is raised; for instance, from the reservoir to the pump inlet.  Lift is sometimes used to express a negative pressure or vacuum.  The opposite of head.

Lift:
The height a body or column of fluid is raised; for instance, from the reservoir to the pump inlet.  Lift is sometimes used to express a negative pressure or vacuum.  The opposite of head.

Lift:
The height a body or column of fluid is raised; for instance, from the reservoir to the pump inlet.  Lift is sometimes used to express a negative pressure or vacuum.  The opposite of head.

Light framing:
The use of dimension lumber, trusses, and other small cross-section members to provide support and enclosure for a building.

Light framing:
The use of dimension lumber, trusses, and other small cross-section members to provide support and enclosure for a building.

Lignin:
A complex indigestible substance that is a major structural component of mature plants.  It is contained in the fibrous portion of stems, leaves, cobs and hulls of plants.

Lignin:
A complex indigestible substance that is a major structural component of mature plants.  It is contained in the fibrous portion of stems, leaves, cobs and hulls of plants.

Lignin:
A complex indigestible substance that is a major structural component of mature plants.  It is contained in the fibrous portion of stems, leaves, cobs and hulls of plants.

Lignin:
A complex indigestible substance that is a major structural component of mature plants.  It is contained in the fibrous portion of stems, leaves, cobs and hulls of plants.

Lily pad:
A thin slice of wood, sometimes taken off the stump and used to cover the saw if it's to be left out.

Lily pad:
A thin slice of wood, sometimes taken off the stump and used to cover the saw if it's to be left out.

Limbing:
To cut branches off felled trees.

Limbing:
To cut branches off felled trees.

Limit fed:
Rations fed at a specific amount per animal per day.

Limit fed:
Rations fed at a specific amount per animal per day.

Limit switch:
Electrical device that transmits an electrical signal when in physical contact with an object.

Limit switch:
Electrical device that transmits an electrical signal when in physical contact with an object.

Limit switch:
Electrical device that transmits an electrical signal when in physical contact with an object.

Limit switch:
Electrical device that transmits an electrical signal when in physical contact with an object.

Limit switch:
Electrical device that transmits an electrical signal when in physical contact with an object.

Line:
A tube, pipe or hose which acts as a conductor of hydraulic fluid.

Line:
A tube, pipe or hose which acts as a conductor of hydraulic fluid.

Line:
A tube, pipe or hose which acts as a conductor of hydraulic fluid.

Line:
A tube, pipe or hose which acts as a conductor of hydraulic fluid.

Line:
A tube, pipe or hose which acts as a conductor of hydraulic fluid.

Linear actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into linear motion - a cylinder or ram. 

Linear actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into linear motion - a cylinder or ram. 

Linear actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into linear motion - a cylinder or ram. 

Linear actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into linear motion - a cylinder or ram. 

Linear actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into linear motion - a cylinder or ram. 

Linerboard:
The inner and outer layers of paper that form the wall of a corrugated container.

Linerboard:
The inner and outer layers of paper that form the wall of a corrugated container.

List :
A continuous lean to one side due to improper weight distribution.

List :
A continuous lean to one side due to improper weight distribution.

Liter (l):
Basic unit of volume in the metric system equal to 1,000 cubic centimetres (1.056 US quarts).

Liter (l):
Basic unit of volume in the metric system equal to 1,000 cubic centimetres (1.056 US quarts).

Liter (l):
Basic unit of volume in the metric system equal to 1,000 cubic centimetres (1.056 US quarts).

Liter (l):
Basic unit of volume in the metric system equal to 1,000 cubic centimetres (1.056 US quarts).

Liter (l):
Basic unit of volume in the metric system equal to 1,000 cubic centimetres (1.056 US quarts).

Liter (l):
Basic unit of volume in the metric system equal to 1,000 cubic centimetres (1.056 US quarts).

Livewell :
Compartment on a fishing boat designed to keep fish or bait alive.

Livewell :
Compartment on a fishing boat designed to keep fish or bait alive.

LOA:
Length overall; the distance between the most forward part of the boat and the most aft part.

LOA:
Length overall; the distance between the most forward part of the boat and the most aft part.

Load:
To pack explosives in a drill hole or to place material into a haulage device.

Load:
To pack explosives in a drill hole or to place material into a haulage device.

Loader:
Any of a variety of machines, wheel or track mounted, designed primarily to lift and load a truck, train or other mode of transportation.

Loader:
Any of a variety of machines, wheel or track mounted, designed primarily to lift and load a truck, train or other mode of transportation.

Loader:
Any of a variety of machines, wheel or track mounted, designed primarily to lift and load a truck, train or other mode of transportation.

Loader:
Any of a variety of machines, wheel or track mounted, designed primarily to lift and load a truck, train or other mode of transportation.

Loader:
Any of a variety of machines, wheel or track mounted, designed primarily to lift and load a truck, train or other mode of transportation.

Loading pocket:
Transfer point where bulk material is loaded by bin, hopper and chute into a skip.

Loading pocket:
Transfer point where bulk material is loaded by bin, hopper and chute into a skip.

Locker :
A stowage compartment, whether equipped with a lock or not.

Locker :
A stowage compartment, whether equipped with a lock or not.

Log:
A segment sawed or split from a felled tree, such as, but not limited to, a section, bolt, or tree length.

Log:
A segment sawed or split from a felled tree, such as, but not limited to, a section, bolt, or tree length.

Log Bin:
Transfer conveyor on which logs are kicked by the log sorter.

Log Bin:
Transfer conveyor on which logs are kicked by the log sorter.

Log dump:
A place where logs are removed from transporting equipment. It may be either dry land or water, parbuckled over a brow log or removed by machine.

Log dump:
A place where logs are removed from transporting equipment. It may be either dry land or water, parbuckled over a brow log or removed by machine.

Log scales:
Determines the value of a log by estimating number of board feet of lumber it will yield (less allowances for bark, slab and kerf). Helps log sellers understand what they are getting for the product of their labor. Log buyers can usually predict the actual yield of board feet from a log depending on the log rule used. Three major log scales are used: Scribner Log Rule, Doyle Log Rule and International Log Rule, although there are others (Maine and Roy). It is vital that sellers understand the differences between the scaling methods so as not to be taken advantage of. Savvy buyers are flexible in the rules they use. A common rule of thumb is that International is always 25% better than Doyle, and Scribner is always 15% better. Doyle and International are dramatically different for small diameter logs, yet very similar for large diameter logs. If the average diameter range of logs is 14" to 20", you can convert Doyle to International by multiplying 1.2 And Scribner to International by multiplying 1.11. For example, if logs for a particular site scaled about 5,000 board feet in Doyle, this would convert to 6,000 board feet in International and 5,500 board feet in Scribner.

Log scales:
Determines the value of a log by estimating number of board feet of lumber it will yield (less allowances for bark, slab and kerf). Helps log sellers understand what they are getting for the product of their labor. Log buyers can usually predict the actual yield of board feet from a log depending on the log rule used. Three major log scales are used: Scribner Log Rule, Doyle Log Rule and International Log Rule, although there are others (Maine and Roy). It is vital that sellers understand the differences between the scaling methods so as not to be taken advantage of. Savvy buyers are flexible in the rules they use. A common rule of thumb is that International is always 25% better than Doyle, and Scribner is always 15% better. Doyle and International are dramatically different for small diameter logs, yet very similar for large diameter logs. If the average diameter range of logs is 14" to 20", you can convert Doyle to International by multiplying 1.2 And Scribner to International by multiplying 1.11. For example, if logs for a particular site scaled about 5,000 board feet in Doyle, this would convert to 6,000 board feet in International and 5,500 board feet in Scribner.

Log splitter:
Usually refers to a low production splitter for home owner use. Can consist of manual splitting mauls, axes, wedges or semi-automatic hydraulic/mechanical splitters. Also called a wood splitter.

Log splitter:
Usually refers to a low production splitter for home owner use. Can consist of manual splitting mauls, axes, wedges or semi-automatic hydraulic/mechanical splitters. Also called a wood splitter.

Long butt:
1.  After a tree is felled a section of the butt-end may be sawn off because of rot.
2.  A swelled or cull portion cut off of a butt log.

Long butt:
1.  After a tree is felled a section of the butt-end may be sawn off because of rot.
2.  A swelled or cull portion cut off of a butt log.

Longitude :
Geographic distance east or west of the prime meridian expressed in degrees and minutes.

Longitude :
Geographic distance east or west of the prime meridian expressed in degrees and minutes.

Longitudinal:
Generally, parallel to the direction of the wood fibers.

Longitudinal:
Generally, parallel to the direction of the wood fibers.

Longitudinal direction:
Oriented in the direction of the length of the wood grain.

Longitudinal direction:
Oriented in the direction of the length of the wood grain.

Long log:
To produce logs over 20 feet long , commonly 32 to 40 feet long. Also known as "Long wood".

Long log:
To produce logs over 20 feet long , commonly 32 to 40 feet long. Also known as "Long wood".

Longwall mining:
Coal mining method where narrow vertical slices are cut by mechanical means along long faces or walls.

Longwall mining:
Coal mining method where narrow vertical slices are cut by mechanical means along long faces or walls.

Loose collar:
The flanged collar that is fixed against the circular saw by attachment to the arbor by means of a nut.

Loose collar:
The flanged collar that is fixed against the circular saw by attachment to the arbor by means of a nut.

Loran C :
Electronic navigation system that measures the time difference in the reception of radio signals from land-based transmitters.

Loran C :
Electronic navigation system that measures the time difference in the reception of radio signals from land-based transmitters.

LRF:
Lumber recovery factor.  Measurement of lumber recovery or yield from a quantity of log volume.  Most commonly expressed as thousand board feet per cubic meter or board feet per cubic feet.  A true measure of LRF is the finished shippable lumber per unit of logs delivered (bush to box car).

LRF:
Lumber recovery factor.  Measurement of lumber recovery or yield from a quantity of log volume.  Most commonly expressed as thousand board feet per cubic meter or board feet per cubic feet.  A true measure of LRF is the finished shippable lumber per unit of logs delivered (bush to box car).

Luff :
The leading edge of a sail. Also means to alter course towards the wind; and to head so close to the wind that the sails flutter.

Luff :
The leading edge of a sail. Also means to alter course towards the wind; and to head so close to the wind that the sails flutter.

Lug:
A projection mounted on a chain to push material (logs or lumber).

Lug:
A projection mounted on a chain to push material (logs or lumber).

Lumber:
The product of the saw and planing mill not further manufactured than by sawing, resawing, passing lengthwise through a standard planing machine, crosscutting to length, and matching.

Lumber:
The product of the saw and planing mill not further manufactured than by sawing, resawing, passing lengthwise through a standard planing machine, crosscutting to length, and matching.

Lumber-core plywood:
Plywood where thin sheets of veneer are glued to a core of narrow boards. Lumber-core plywood differs from regular plywood in that regular plywood is made up of successive layers of alternating grain veneer.

Lumber-core plywood:
Plywood where thin sheets of veneer are glued to a core of narrow boards. Lumber-core plywood differs from regular plywood in that regular plywood is made up of successive layers of alternating grain veneer.

Lumber dimensions:
1.  Actual size: The dimensions obtained when an individual piece of lumber is measured with
     a caliper and tape. 
2.  Manufactured size: The dimensions for a given state of manufacture that are provided in
     product specifications.  Examples are rough-green, surfaced-dry, and so forth.  The
     manufactured size stated in the American Lumber Standards for a surfaced-dry 2x4 is 1.5 x
     3.5 inches. 
3.  Nominal size: The size in name only; the commercial name by which lumber is known and
     sold on the market (e.g., 2x4) and the basis used to calculate lumber volume in board feet.

Lumber dimensions:
1.  Actual size: The dimensions obtained when an individual piece of lumber is measured with
     a caliper and tape. 
2.  Manufactured size: The dimensions for a given state of manufacture that are provided in
     product specifications.  Examples are rough-green, surfaced-dry, and so forth.  The
     manufactured size stated in the American Lumber Standards for a surfaced-dry 2x4 is 1.5 x
     3.5 inches. 
3.  Nominal size: The size in name only; the commercial name by which lumber is known and
     sold on the market (e.g., 2x4) and the basis used to calculate lumber volume in board feet.

Lumber, factory and shop:
Lumber intended to be cut up for use in further manufacture.  It is graded on the basis of the percentage of the area that will produce a limited number of cuttings of a specified minimum size and quality.

Lumber, factory and shop:
Lumber intended to be cut up for use in further manufacture.  It is graded on the basis of the percentage of the area that will produce a limited number of cuttings of a specified minimum size and quality.

Lumber, matched:
Lumber that is edge dressed and shaped to make a close tongued-and-grooved joint at the edges or ends when laid edge to edge or end to end.

Lumber, matched:
Lumber that is edge dressed and shaped to make a close tongued-and-grooved joint at the edges or ends when laid edge to edge or end to end.

Lumber, patterned:
Lumber that is shaped to a pattern or to a molded form in addition to being dressed, matched, or shiplapped, or any combination of these workings.

Lumber, patterned:
Lumber that is shaped to a pattern or to a molded form in addition to being dressed, matched, or shiplapped, or any combination of these workings.

Lumber recovery factor (LRF):
Measurement of lumber recovery or yield from a quantity of log volume.  Most commonly expressed as thousand board feet per cubic metre or board feet per cubic feet.  A true measure of LRF is the finished shippable lumber per unit of logs delivered (bush to box car).

Lumber recovery factor (LRF):
Measurement of lumber recovery or yield from a quantity of log volume.  Most commonly expressed as thousand board feet per cubic metre or board feet per cubic feet.  A true measure of LRF is the finished shippable lumber per unit of logs delivered (bush to box car).

Lumber, rough:
Lumber that has not been dressed (surfaced) but which has been sawed, edged, and trimmed.

Lumber, rough:
Lumber that has not been dressed (surfaced) but which has been sawed, edged, and trimmed.

Lumber ruler:
A tool resembling a ruler with a handle at one end and a hood at the other which is used to calculate the board footage of a piece of lumber.

Lumber ruler:
A tool resembling a ruler with a handle at one end and a hood at the other which is used to calculate the board footage of a piece of lumber.

Lumber, shiplapped:
Lumber that is edge dressed to make a lapped joint.

Lumber, shiplapped:
Lumber that is edge dressed to make a lapped joint.

Lumber, side:
A board from the outer portion of the log ordinarily one produced when squaring off a log while producing a cant.

Lumber, side:
A board from the outer portion of the log ordinarily one produced when squaring off a log while producing a cant.

Lumber sorter:
Computerized system in which lumber is graded, measured, and sorted into bins.

Lumber sorter:
Computerized system in which lumber is graded, measured, and sorted into bins.

Lumber, structural:
Lumber that is intended for use where allowable properties are required.  The grading of structural lumber is based on the strength or stiffness of the piece as related to anticipated uses.

Lumber, structural:
Lumber that is intended for use where allowable properties are required.  The grading of structural lumber is based on the strength or stiffness of the piece as related to anticipated uses.

Lumber, surfaced:
Lumber that is dressed by running it through a planer.

Lumber, surfaced:
Lumber that is dressed by running it through a planer.

Lumber, timbers:
Lumber that is nominally 5 inches or more in least dimension.  Timbers may be used as beams, stringers, posts, caps, sills, girders, purlins, and so forth.

Lumber, timbers:
Lumber that is nominally 5 inches or more in least dimension.  Timbers may be used as beams, stringers, posts, caps, sills, girders, purlins, and so forth.

Machine-peeled (roundwood):
Roundwood with the bark removed by a machine.

Machine-peeled (roundwood):
Roundwood with the bark removed by a machine.

Magazine:
A place where explosive materials are stored.

Magazine:
A place where explosive materials are stored.

Magnetic gradient survey:
Geophysical survey using two magnetometers a fixed distance apart to measure the difference in magnetic field between them.

Magnetic gradient survey:
Geophysical survey using two magnetometers a fixed distance apart to measure the difference in magnetic field between them.

Magnetic separation:
Mineral processing technique where a magnetic mineral is separated from gangue minerals by applying a strong magnetic field. Common in the treatment of ores of iron.

Magnetic separation:
Mineral processing technique where a magnetic mineral is separated from gangue minerals by applying a strong magnetic field. Common in the treatment of ores of iron.

Magnetic survey:
Geophysical survey that measures the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetic survey:
Geophysical survey that measures the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetic susceptibility:
A measure of the degree to which a rock is attracted to a magnet.

Magnetic susceptibility:
A measure of the degree to which a rock is attracted to a magnet.

Magnetite:
Magnetic iron ore, being a black iron oxide containing 72.4% iron when pure.

Magnetite:
Magnetic iron ore, being a black iron oxide containing 72.4% iron when pure.

Magnetometer:
An instrument used to measure the magnetic attraction of underlying rocks.

Magnetometer:
An instrument used to measure the magnetic attraction of underlying rocks.

Mainline:
The cable used to haul logs into the landing. Some cable yarder configurations, such as running skyline, may have more than one mainline.

Mainline:
The cable used to haul logs into the landing. Some cable yarder configurations, such as running skyline, may have more than one mainline.

Mainsail :
The largest regular sail on a sailboat.

Mainsail :
The largest regular sail on a sailboat.

Maize:
Commonly known as corn, is a cereal grain. In the United States and Canada, the primary use for maize is as a feed for livestock, forage, silage or grain.

Maize:
Commonly known as corn, is a cereal grain. In the United States and Canada, the primary use for maize is as a feed for livestock, forage, silage or grain.

Make fast:
To secure a line.

Make fast:
To secure a line.

Manifold:
A fluid conductor which provides multiple connection ports.

Manifold:
A fluid conductor which provides multiple connection ports.

Manifold:
A fluid conductor which provides multiple connection ports.

Manifold:
A fluid conductor which provides multiple connection ports.

Manifold:
A fluid conductor which provides multiple connection ports.

Manual control:
A control actuated by the operator, regardless of the means of actuation.  Example: Lever or foot pedal control for directional valves.

Manual control:
A control actuated by the operator, regardless of the means of actuation.  Example: Lever or foot pedal control for directional valves.

Manual control:
A control actuated by the operator, regardless of the means of actuation.  Example: Lever or foot pedal control for directional valves.

Manual control:
A control actuated by the operator, regardless of the means of actuation.  Example: Lever or foot pedal control for directional valves.

Manual control:
A control actuated by the operator, regardless of the means of actuation.  Example: Lever or foot pedal control for directional valves.

Manual override:
A means of manually actuating an automatically-controlled device.

Manual override:
A means of manually actuating an automatically-controlled device.

Manual override:
A means of manually actuating an automatically-controlled device.

Manual override:
A means of manually actuating an automatically-controlled device.

Manual override:
A means of manually actuating an automatically-controlled device.

Manufactured housing:
Housing units partially or completely built in a factory.

Manufactured housing:
Housing units partially or completely built in a factory.

Marble:
A metamorphic rock derived from the re-crystallization of limestone by the application of heat and pressure.

Marble:
A metamorphic rock derived from the re-crystallization of limestone by the application of heat and pressure.

Marginal deposit:
An orebody of minimal profitability.

Marginal deposit:
An orebody of minimal profitability.

Marine borers:
Mollusks and crustaceans which attack submerged wood in salt and brackish water.

Marine borers:
Mollusks and crustaceans which attack submerged wood in salt and brackish water.

Marine borers:
Mollusks and crustaceans which attack submerged wood in salt and brackish water.

Market pulp:
White pulp from hardwood trees that is dried into thick blotter-like sheets and baled for shipment to a paper mill for re-pulping to make paper products.

Market pulp:
White pulp from hardwood trees that is dried into thick blotter-like sheets and baled for shipment to a paper mill for re-pulping to make paper products.

Massive ore:
Ore consisting of minerals in almost solid form with very little waste rock (gangue).

Massive ore:
Ore consisting of minerals in almost solid form with very little waste rock (gangue).

Mast :
Vertical spar that supports sails.

Mast :
Vertical spar that supports sails.

Material balance:
A relationship, often portrayed in a diagram, that shows how all components of a raw material are allocated and used.

Material balance:
A relationship, often portrayed in a diagram, that shows how all components of a raw material are allocated and used.

Material balance:
A relationship, often portrayed in a diagram, that shows how all components of a raw material are allocated and used.

Material balance:
A relationship, often portrayed in a diagram, that shows how all components of a raw material are allocated and used.

Material balance:
A relationship, often portrayed in a diagram, that shows how all components of a raw material are allocated and used.

Matrix:
The rock or gangue material containing ore minerals.

Matrix:
The rock or gangue material containing ore minerals.

Matte:
A product of a smelter, containing metal and some sulphur which must be refined further to obtain pure metal.

Matte:
A product of a smelter, containing metal and some sulphur which must be refined further to obtain pure metal.

Maul:
A maul or splitting maul is a heavy long handled hammer used for splitting a piece of wood along its grain. One side is shaped like a sledge hammer and the other is a broad head axe shape.

Maul:
A maul or splitting maul is a heavy long handled hammer used for splitting a piece of wood along its grain. One side is shaped like a sledge hammer and the other is a broad head axe shape.

Mayday:
A radio distress call.

Mayday:
A radio distress call.

MBF:
Thousand board feet.

MBF:
Thousand board feet.

Meal:
A dry mix of feed ingredients, usually with the individual feeds distinguishable in the mix.

Meal:
A dry mix of feed ingredients, usually with the individual feeds distinguishable in the mix.

Meat and Bone Meal (MBM):
Is a product of the rendering industry primarily used in the formulation of animal feed.  In most parts of the world, MBM is no longer allowed in feed for ruminant animals (fear of spread of BSE, mad cow disease).

Meat and Bone Meal (MBM):
Is a product of the rendering industry primarily used in the formulation of animal feed.  In most parts of the world, MBM is no longer allowed in feed for ruminant animals (fear of spread of BSE, mad cow disease).

Mechanical control:
Any control actuated by linkages, gears, screws, cams or other mechanical elements.

Mechanical control:
Any control actuated by linkages, gears, screws, cams or other mechanical elements.

Mechanical control:
Any control actuated by linkages, gears, screws, cams or other mechanical elements.

Mechanical control:
Any control actuated by linkages, gears, screws, cams or other mechanical elements.

Mechanical control:
Any control actuated by linkages, gears, screws, cams or other mechanical elements.

Mechanically laminated timber:
Laminated timber where the laminations are joined with mechanical fasteners.

Mechanically laminated timber:
Laminated timber where the laminations are joined with mechanical fasteners.

Mechanical pulping:
The production of fibers and fiber bundles by grinding wood with pulpstones or by mechanical refiners as opposed to chemical methods.

Mechanical pulping:
The production of fibers and fiber bundles by grinding wood with pulpstones or by mechanical refiners as opposed to chemical methods.

Medium density fiberboard (MDF):
A panel product manufactured from lignocellulosic fibers combined with a synthetic resin or other suitable binder.  The panels are manufactured to a density of 31 pcf (0.50 specific gravity) to 55 pcf (0.88 specific gravity) by the application of heat and pressure by a process in which the interfiber bond is substantially created by the added binder.  Other materials may have been added during manufacturing to improve certain properties.

Medium density fiberboard (MDF):
A panel product manufactured from lignocellulosic fibers combined with a synthetic resin or other suitable binder.  The panels are manufactured to a density of 31 pcf (0.50 specific gravity) to 55 pcf (0.88 specific gravity) by the application of heat and pressure by a process in which the interfiber bond is substantially created by the added binder.  Other materials may have been added during manufacturing to improve certain properties.

Megacalorie (Mcal):
Units used to describe quantities of energy in a large animal’s diet. Equal to 1,000 kilocalories (Kcal).

Megacalorie (Mcal):
Units used to describe quantities of energy in a large animal’s diet. Equal to 1,000 kilocalories (Kcal).

Megawatt (MW):
A measure of electrical power equal to one million watts (1,000 kW).

Megawatt (MW):
A measure of electrical power equal to one million watts (1,000 kW).

Megawatt (MW):
A measure of electrical power equal to one million watts (1,000 kW).

Mega yacht:
A large, luxurious yacht, typically longer than 100 feet.

Mega yacht:
A large, luxurious yacht, typically longer than 100 feet.

Mende-process board:
Made in a continuous ribbon from wood particles with thermosetting resins used to bond the particles.  Thickness ranges from 1/32 to 1/4 inch.

Mende-process board:
Made in a continuous ribbon from wood particles with thermosetting resins used to bond the particles.  Thickness ranges from 1/32 to 1/4 inch.

Merchantable timber:
A tree or stand that has attained sufficient size, quality and/or volume to make it suitable for harvesting.

Merchantable timber:
A tree or stand that has attained sufficient size, quality and/or volume to make it suitable for harvesting.

Mercury:
A silvery metal that is a liquid at room temperature. The principal ore mineral of mercury cinnabar.

Mercury:
A silvery metal that is a liquid at room temperature. The principal ore mineral of mercury cinnabar.

Mesh:
Openings in a sieve or screen.

Mesh:
Openings in a sieve or screen.

Metabolised:
The process whereby the food is digested to enable the animal to utilise the nutrients.

Metabolised:
The process whereby the food is digested to enable the animal to utilise the nutrients.

Metabolizable Energy (ME):
The digestible energy intake minus the energy in the urine minus the energy in the gaseous product of digestion. The ME value of individual feeds is rarely measured.

Metabolizable Energy (ME):
The digestible energy intake minus the energy in the urine minus the energy in the gaseous product of digestion. The ME value of individual feeds is rarely measured.

Metabolizable Protein (MP):
Protein (amino acids) that is actually absorbed from the gut. MP consists of protein in the rumen, microorganisms, feed protein and any protein that bypasses digestion in the rumen.

Metabolizable Protein (MP):
Protein (amino acids) that is actually absorbed from the gut. MP consists of protein in the rumen, microorganisms, feed protein and any protein that bypasses digestion in the rumen.

Metallurgical coal:
Coal used to make steel.

Metallurgical coal:
Coal used to make steel.

Metallurgy:
The science of ore processing, metal extraction and metals.

Metallurgy:
The science of ore processing, metal extraction and metals.

Meter:
To regulate the amount or rate of fluid flow.

Meter:
To regulate the amount or rate of fluid flow.

Meter:
To regulate the amount or rate of fluid flow.

Meter:
To regulate the amount or rate of fluid flow.

Meter:
To regulate the amount or rate of fluid flow.

Meter-in:
To regulate the amount of fluid flow into an actuator or system.

Meter-in:
To regulate the amount of fluid flow into an actuator or system.

Meter-in:
To regulate the amount of fluid flow into an actuator or system.

Meter-in:
To regulate the amount of fluid flow into an actuator or system.

Meter-in:
To regulate the amount of fluid flow into an actuator or system.

Meter-out:
To regulate the flow of the discharge fluid from an actuator or system.

Meter-out:
To regulate the flow of the discharge fluid from an actuator or system.

Meter-out:
To regulate the flow of the discharge fluid from an actuator or system.

Meter-out:
To regulate the flow of the discharge fluid from an actuator or system.

Meter-out:
To regulate the flow of the discharge fluid from an actuator or system.

Methane:
A potentially explosive gas formed naturally from the decay of vegetative matter. Frequently encountered in underground coal mining operations.

Methane:
A potentially explosive gas formed naturally from the decay of vegetative matter. Frequently encountered in underground coal mining operations.

Methane monitor:
An electronic instrument that detects and measures the methane content of mine air. Provides an early warning if dangerous concentrations are reached.

Methane monitor:
An electronic instrument that detects and measures the methane content of mine air. Provides an early warning if dangerous concentrations are reached.

Metre (m):
The metric basic unit for linear measurement equal to 39.37 inches (1.094 yards).

Metre (m):
The metric basic unit for linear measurement equal to 39.37 inches (1.094 yards).

Metre (m):
The metric basic unit for linear measurement equal to 39.37 inches (1.094 yards).

Metre (m):
The metric basic unit for linear measurement equal to 39.37 inches (1.094 yards).

Metre (m):
The metric basic unit for linear measurement equal to 39.37 inches (1.094 yards).

Metre (m):
The metric basic unit for linear measurement equal to 39.37 inches (1.094 yards).

Mfbm:
Thousand board feet.

Mfbm:
Thousand board feet.

Microbes (microorganism):
Any organism, such as a germ, virus, or pathogen, of microscopic size.

Microbes (microorganism):
Any organism, such as a germ, virus, or pathogen, of microscopic size.

Micron:
One-millionth of a metre or approximately .00004 inch.

Micron:
One-millionth of a metre or approximately .00004 inch.

Micron:
One-millionth of a metre or approximately .00004 inch.

Micron:
One-millionth of a metre or approximately .00004 inch.

Micron:
One-millionth of a metre or approximately .00004 inch.

Micron:
One-millionth of a metre or approximately .00004 inch.

Micron rating:
The size of the particles a filter will remove.

Micron rating:
The size of the particles a filter will remove.

Micron rating:
The size of the particles a filter will remove.

Micron rating:
The size of the particles a filter will remove.

Micron rating:
The size of the particles a filter will remove.

Micron rating:
The size of the particles a filter will remove.

Midships:
Location near the center of a boat.

Midships:
Location near the center of a boat.

Mile (mi):
A unit of linear measurement on land, equivalent to 5,280 feet (1,760 yd) or 1.6 kilometres.

Mile (mi):
A unit of linear measurement on land, equivalent to 5,280 feet (1,760 yd) or 1.6 kilometres.

Mile (mi):
A unit of linear measurement on land, equivalent to 5,280 feet (1,760 yd) or 1.6 kilometres.

Mile (mi):
A unit of linear measurement on land, equivalent to 5,280 feet (1,760 yd) or 1.6 kilometres.

Mile (mi):
A unit of linear measurement on land, equivalent to 5,280 feet (1,760 yd) or 1.6 kilometres.

Mile (mi):
A unit of linear measurement on land, equivalent to 5,280 feet (1,760 yd) or 1.6 kilometres.

Mill:
To Mill, verb - grind ingredients to make Meal or noun - a synonym for Meal.

Mill:
To Mill, verb - grind ingredients to make Meal or noun - a synonym for Meal.

Mill:
To Mill, verb - grind ingredients to make Meal or noun - a synonym for Meal.

Milligrams in a Kilogram (mg/kg):
Units of concentration. This measure is the same as parts per million (ppm). 1 mg/kg = 1 ppm

Milligrams in a Kilogram (mg/kg):
Units of concentration. This measure is the same as parts per million (ppm). 1 mg/kg = 1 ppm

Milligrams in a Kilogram (mg/kg):
Units of concentration. This measure is the same as parts per million (ppm). 1 mg/kg = 1 ppm

Millimetre (mm):
A unit of length equal to one thousandth of a metre (0.0394 inches).

Millimetre (mm):
A unit of length equal to one thousandth of a metre (0.0394 inches).

Millimetre (mm):
A unit of length equal to one thousandth of a metre (0.0394 inches).

Millimetre (mm):
A unit of length equal to one thousandth of a metre (0.0394 inches).

Millimetre (mm):
A unit of length equal to one thousandth of a metre (0.0394 inches).

Millimetre (mm):
A unit of length equal to one thousandth of a metre (0.0394 inches).

Milling ore:
Ore that contains enough valuable minerals to be treated

Milling ore:
Ore that contains enough valuable minerals to be treated

Mill/kWh:
A common method of pricing electricity in the U.S. Tenths of a U.S. cent per kilowatt hour.

Mill/kWh:
A common method of pricing electricity in the U.S. Tenths of a U.S. cent per kilowatt hour.

Mill residue:
Wood and bark residues produced in processing logs into lumber, plywood, and paper.

Mill residue:
Wood and bark residues produced in processing logs into lumber, plywood, and paper.

Millwork:
Planed and patterned lumber for finish work in buildings, including items such as sash, doors, cornices, panelwork, and other items of interior or exterior trim, but not flooring or siding.

Millwork:
Planed and patterned lumber for finish work in buildings, including items such as sash, doors, cornices, panelwork, and other items of interior or exterior trim, but not flooring or siding.

Miner:
Someone who extracts ore, coal, precious substances, or other natural materials from the earth's crust.

Miner:
Someone who extracts ore, coal, precious substances, or other natural materials from the earth's crust.

Mineral:
Naturally occurring homogeneous substance that has a definite uniform chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure.

Mineral:
Naturally occurring homogeneous substance that has a definite uniform chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure.

Minerals (major):
Minerals such as calcium and phosphorous that are included in a ration in relatively large amounts. Usually measured in grams per day.

Minerals (major):
Minerals such as calcium and phosphorous that are included in a ration in relatively large amounts. Usually measured in grams per day.

Minerals (minor/trace):
Minerals such as copper and zinc that are included in a ration in very small amounts. Usually measured in 1/1000 of a gram or milligrams per head per day.

Minerals (minor/trace):
Minerals such as copper and zinc that are included in a ration in very small amounts. Usually measured in 1/1000 of a gram or milligrams per head per day.

Mineral stain:
An olive to greenish-black or brown discoloration believed to show regions of abnormal concentrations of mineral matter in some hardwoods. It is common in hard maple, hickory, and basswood. See also Mineral streaks.

Mineral stain:
An olive to greenish-black or brown discoloration believed to show regions of abnormal concentrations of mineral matter in some hardwoods. It is common in hard maple, hickory, and basswood. See also Mineral streaks.

Mineral streak:
A discoloration of hardwood and hardwood veneer.

Mineral streak:
A discoloration of hardwood and hardwood veneer.

Misfire:
Complete or partial failure of a blasting cap or charge to explode as planned.

Misfire:
Complete or partial failure of a blasting cap or charge to explode as planned.

Mismanufacture:
Wood imperfections or blemishes that result from manufacture.

Mismanufacture:
Wood imperfections or blemishes that result from manufacture.

Mixer:
Mechanical means of achieving a balanced feed ingredient formulation.  Two basic types exist, vertical mixers and horizontal mixers.

Mixer:
Mechanical means of achieving a balanced feed ingredient formulation.  Two basic types exist, vertical mixers and horizontal mixers.

Mixer (horizontal):
Horizontal mixers consist of a series of paddles or metal ribbon blades mounted on a horizontal rotor within a semi-circular trough. The blades move the material from one end of the mixer to the other, tumbling it as it goes.

Mixer (horizontal):
Horizontal mixers consist of a series of paddles or metal ribbon blades mounted on a horizontal rotor within a semi-circular trough. The blades move the material from one end of the mixer to the other, tumbling it as it goes.

Mixer (vertical):
The vertical mixer consists of one or more vertical screws which elevate the feed ingredients to the top of the mixer where they fall by gravity to the bottom, to be mixed and re-elevated.

Mixer (vertical):
The vertical mixer consists of one or more vertical screws which elevate the feed ingredients to the top of the mixer where they fall by gravity to the bottom, to be mixed and re-elevated.

Mizzen mast:
A shorter mast located aft of the main mast on a yawl or ketch.

Mizzen mast:
A shorter mast located aft of the main mast on a yawl or ketch.

MMBF:
Million board feet.

MMBF:
Million board feet.

MMBtu:
One million British thermal units.

MMBtu:
One million British thermal units.

MMSF:
A unit of measure for MDF equal to one million square feet on a 3/4 inch basis.

MMSF:
A unit of measure for MDF equal to one million square feet on a 3/4 inch basis.

Modified-V hull :
A modification of the deep-V hull shape with a deadrise of less than 20 degrees.

Modified-V hull :
A modification of the deep-V hull shape with a deadrise of less than 20 degrees.

Modular housing:
A type of housing in which major components are assembled in a factory and then shipped to the building site to be joined with other components to form the finished structure.

Modular housing:
A type of housing in which major components are assembled in a factory and then shipped to the building site to be joined with other components to form the finished structure.

Modulate:
To control within an infinite range between 0 percent and 100 percent as opposed to on/off control.

Modulate:
To control within an infinite range between 0 percent and 100 percent as opposed to on/off control.

Modulate:
To control within an infinite range between 0 percent and 100 percent as opposed to on/off control.

Modulate:
To control within an infinite range between 0 percent and 100 percent as opposed to on/off control.

Modulate:
To control within an infinite range between 0 percent and 100 percent as opposed to on/off control.

Moisture content:
The amount of water contained in the wood, either expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dry wood or as a percentage of total weight of a piece.

Moisture content:
The amount of water contained in the wood, either expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dry wood or as a percentage of total weight of a piece.

Moisture distribution:
Variation in moisture content within a board and/or variation in moisture content between boards.

Moisture distribution:
Variation in moisture content within a board and/or variation in moisture content between boards.

Moisture gradient:
The difference in moisture content between areas of a board.  Usually refers to the moisture content difference between the surface and core of a board.

Moisture gradient:
The difference in moisture content between areas of a board.  Usually refers to the moisture content difference between the surface and core of a board.

Mold :
A hollow reinforced cavity that is the mirror-image or reverse-image of the boat and into which fibreglass, gel coat and resin are laid during composite-hull construction.

Mold :
A hollow reinforced cavity that is the mirror-image or reverse-image of the boat and into which fibreglass, gel coat and resin are laid during composite-hull construction.

Monitor:
Screen on which an electronics systems display information.

Monitor:
Screen on which an electronics systems display information.

Monitor:
Screen on which an electronics systems display information.

Monitor:
Screen on which an electronics systems display information.

Monitor:
Screen on which an electronics systems display information.

Monogastric:
Non ruminant animal having only one stomach, e.g. pig, human.

Monogastric:
Non ruminant animal having only one stomach, e.g. pig, human.

Monohull:
A boat with a single hull.

Monohull:
A boat with a single hull.

Mooring:
Permanent ground tackle fixed to a buoy that boats can tie to.

Mooring:
Permanent ground tackle fixed to a buoy that boats can tie to.

Mother lode:
Any major ore vein running through a region.

Mother lode:
Any major ore vein running through a region.

Motor:
A device which converts electricity or hydraulic fluid power into mechanical force and motion.  It usually provides rotary mechanical motion.

Motor:
A device which converts electricity or hydraulic fluid power into mechanical force and motion.  It usually provides rotary mechanical motion.

Motor:
A device which converts electricity or hydraulic fluid power into mechanical force and motion.  It usually provides rotary mechanical motion.

Motor:
A device which converts electricity or hydraulic fluid power into mechanical force and motion.  It usually provides rotary mechanical motion.

Motor:
A device which converts electricity or hydraulic fluid power into mechanical force and motion.  It usually provides rotary mechanical motion.

Motor control center (MCC):
Central location for circuit breakers for mill equipment.

Motor control center (MCC):
Central location for circuit breakers for mill equipment.

Motor control center (MCC):
Central location for circuit breakers for mill equipment.

Motor control center (MCC):
Central location for circuit breakers for mill equipment.

Motorsailer:
A hybrid boat that has sails and powerful engines.

Motorsailer:
A hybrid boat that has sails and powerful engines.

Motor yacht:
A large powerboat greater than 40 feet with luxurious interior accommodations for long-range cruising.

Motor yacht:
A large powerboat greater than 40 feet with luxurious interior accommodations for long-range cruising.

Moulding:
A wood strip having a curved or projecting surface used for decorative purposes.

Moulding:
A wood strip having a curved or projecting surface used for decorative purposes.

Mountain pine beetle:
A beetle that kills pine trees by eating the living layer of circulatory tissue underneath the bark of the tree. If the infected trees are not harvested in a timely manner the infestation will kill trees at an increasing rate.

Mountain pine beetle:
A beetle that kills pine trees by eating the living layer of circulatory tissue underneath the bark of the tree. If the infected trees are not harvested in a timely manner the infestation will kill trees at an increasing rate.

MSF:
Is a unit of measure for MDF and plywood equal to 1,000 square feet, on a 3/4 inch basis for MDF and on a 3/8 inch basis for plywood, and MMSF means one million square feet.

MSF:
Is a unit of measure for MDF and plywood equal to 1,000 square feet, on a 3/4 inch basis for MDF and on a 3/8 inch basis for plywood, and MMSF means one million square feet.

MSR:
Machine stress rated lumber is dimension lumber that has been evaluated by mechanical stress-rating equipment. The stress-rating equipment measures the stiffness of the material and sorts it into various modulus of elasticity (E) classes.

MSR:
Machine stress rated lumber is dimension lumber that has been evaluated by mechanical stress-rating equipment. The stress-rating equipment measures the stiffness of the material and sorts it into various modulus of elasticity (E) classes.

Muck:
Ore or rock that has been broken by blasting.

Muck:
Ore or rock that has been broken by blasting.

Multihull:
A boat with more than one hull, such as a catamaran or trimaran.

Multihull:
A boat with more than one hull, such as a catamaran or trimaran.

Multizone:
Technique of dividing a dry kiln into more than two zones of heat control.  Used in steam and hot oil kilns.

Multizone:
Technique of dividing a dry kiln into more than two zones of heat control.  Used in steam and hot oil kilns.

Municipal Wastes:
Residential, commercial, and institutional post-consumer wastes contain a significant proportion of plant-derived organic material that constitutes a renewable energy resource. Waste paper, cardboard, construction and demolition wood waste, and yard wastes are examples of biomass resources in municipal wastes.

Municipal Wastes:
Residential, commercial, and institutional post-consumer wastes contain a significant proportion of plant-derived organic material that constitutes a renewable energy resource. Waste paper, cardboard, construction and demolition wood waste, and yard wastes are examples of biomass resources in municipal wastes.

Mycotoxin:
Mycotoxins are substances produced by moulds that contaminate various agricultural commodities either before harvest or under post-harvest conditions. Mycotoxins can appear in the food chain either by being eaten directly by humans, or by being used as livestock feed.

Mycotoxin:
Mycotoxins are substances produced by moulds that contaminate various agricultural commodities either before harvest or under post-harvest conditions. Mycotoxins can appear in the food chain either by being eaten directly by humans, or by being used as livestock feed.

Nanotesla:
International SI unit for measuring magnetic flux density.

Nanotesla:
International SI unit for measuring magnetic flux density.

Native gold:
Gold in its free state. Also called placer gold or free gold.

Native gold:
Gold in its free state. Also called placer gold or free gold.

Native metal:
A metal occurring in nature in pure form, uncombined with other elements.

Native metal:
A metal occurring in nature in pure form, uncombined with other elements.

Natural ventilation:
Mine ventilation without the aid of fans or furnaces.

Natural ventilation:
Mine ventilation without the aid of fans or furnaces.

Nautical mile:
A distance of 6,076.12 feet or 1,852 meters, which is about 15 percent longer than a statute mile. Equivalent to one minute of latitude on a navigation chart.

Nautical mile:
A distance of 6,076.12 feet or 1,852 meters, which is about 15 percent longer than a statute mile. Equivalent to one minute of latitude on a navigation chart.

NBSK:
Northern bleached softwood kraft pulp.

NBSK:
Northern bleached softwood kraft pulp.

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) Analysis:
Rapid and low-cost computerized method to analyze forage and grain crops for their nutritive value. NIRS uses infrared light to determine protein, fibre, energy and mineral content.

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) Analysis:
Rapid and low-cost computerized method to analyze forage and grain crops for their nutritive value. NIRS uses infrared light to determine protein, fibre, energy and mineral content.

Net Energy for Growth (NEg):
An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for body tissue gain (weight gain) above that required for maintenance.

Net Energy for Growth (NEg):
An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for body tissue gain (weight gain) above that required for maintenance.

Net Energy for Lactation (NEl):
An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for maintenance plus milk production during lactation and for maintenance plus the last two months of gestation for dry, pregnant cows.

Net Energy for Lactation (NEl):
An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for maintenance plus milk production during lactation and for maintenance plus the last two months of gestation for dry, pregnant cows.

Net Energy for Maintenance (NEm):
An estimate of the energy value of a feed used to keep an animal in energy equilibrium, neither gaining weight nor losing weight.

Net Energy for Maintenance (NEm):
An estimate of the energy value of a feed used to keep an animal in energy equilibrium, neither gaining weight nor losing weight.

Net Energy (NE):
Is metabolizable energy minus the heat increment of feeding. The net energy system divides energy requirements into net energy for maintenance (NEm) and net energy for growth (NEg) or net energy for lactation (NEl) in milking cows.

Net Energy (NE):
Is metabolizable energy minus the heat increment of feeding. The net energy system divides energy requirements into net energy for maintenance (NEm) and net energy for growth (NEg) or net energy for lactation (NEl) in milking cows.

Net present value:
The sum of the costs and benefits of a project or activity. Future benefits and costs are discounted to account for interest costs.

Net present value:
The sum of the costs and benefits of a project or activity. Future benefits and costs are discounted to account for interest costs.

Net scale:
Log volume less defect scaling deductions.

Net scale:
Log volume less defect scaling deductions.

Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF):
Commonly called “cell walls”. NDF gives a close estimate of fibre constituents of feedstuffs as it measures cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, silica, tannins and cutins.

Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF):
Commonly called “cell walls”. NDF gives a close estimate of fibre constituents of feedstuffs as it measures cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, silica, tannins and cutins.

Newton (N):
Unit of force equivalent to the force that produces an acceleration of one metre per second per second on a mass of one kilogram.

Newton (N):
Unit of force equivalent to the force that produces an acceleration of one metre per second per second on a mass of one kilogram.

Newton (N):
Unit of force equivalent to the force that produces an acceleration of one metre per second per second on a mass of one kilogram.

Newton (N):
Unit of force equivalent to the force that produces an acceleration of one metre per second per second on a mass of one kilogram.

Newton (N):
Unit of force equivalent to the force that produces an acceleration of one metre per second per second on a mass of one kilogram.

Nitrate percent (NO3%):
Part of the nitrogen-containing feed fraction. However it contributes very little to the crude protein percentage. Feeds containing high levels of nitrate (greater than 1 percent) can be toxic to ruminants.

Nitrate percent (NO3%):
Part of the nitrogen-containing feed fraction. However it contributes very little to the crude protein percentage. Feeds containing high levels of nitrate (greater than 1 percent) can be toxic to ruminants.

Nitrogen fixation:
The transformation of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that can be used by growing plants.

Nitrogen fixation:
The transformation of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that can be used by growing plants.

Nominal size:
As applied to timber or lumber, the size by which it is known and sold in the market; often differs from the actual size.  A 2x4 actually measures 1-1/2 by 3-1/2 inches.

Nominal size:
As applied to timber or lumber, the size by which it is known and sold in the market; often differs from the actual size.  A 2x4 actually measures 1-1/2 by 3-1/2 inches.

Nonel:
Hollow plastic tube coated with a reactive explosive compound used to trigger explosions. No electric current is used.

Nonel:
Hollow plastic tube coated with a reactive explosive compound used to trigger explosions. No electric current is used.

Non-metallic:
Containing little or no metal; industrial mineral.

Non-metallic:
Containing little or no metal; industrial mineral.

Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN):
Nitrogen that comes from other than organic protein sources that can be used by ruminants to make animal protein. NPN sources are compounds like urea and ammonia.

Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN):
Nitrogen that comes from other than organic protein sources that can be used by ruminants to make animal protein. NPN sources are compounds like urea and ammonia.

Nontherapeutic:
Use of antibiotics at low dosage levels over long periods.  Antibiotic therapy is initiated as a general treatment applied without a specific diagnosis.

Nontherapeutic:
Use of antibiotics at low dosage levels over long periods.  Antibiotic therapy is initiated as a general treatment applied without a specific diagnosis.

Nun buoy:
Conical navigation buoy that is usually red.

Nun buoy:
Conical navigation buoy that is usually red.

Nutrients:
An element, compound or group of compounds that can be used as nourishment by an animal. Items such as protein, fat, fiber, energy, minerals, trace minerals and vitamins.

Nutrients:
An element, compound or group of compounds that can be used as nourishment by an animal. Items such as protein, fat, fiber, energy, minerals, trace minerals and vitamins.

Oats:
A cereal crop grown for animal feed and for cereal foods for human consumption.

Oats:
A cereal crop grown for animal feed and for cereal foods for human consumption.

Oilseed crops:
Primarily soybeans, and other crops such as peanuts, cottonseed, sunflower seed, flaxseed, safflower seed, rapeseed, sesame seed, castor beans, canola, rapeseed and mustard seeds used to produce edible and/or inedible oils, as well as high-protein animal meal.

Oilseed crops:
Primarily soybeans, and other crops such as peanuts, cottonseed, sunflower seed, flaxseed, safflower seed, rapeseed, sesame seed, castor beans, canola, rapeseed and mustard seeds used to produce edible and/or inedible oils, as well as high-protein animal meal.

Oilseed meal:
The product obtained by grinding the cakes, chips, or flakes that remain after most of the oil is removed from oilseeds. Used as a feedstuff for livestock and poultry.

Oilseed meal:
The product obtained by grinding the cakes, chips, or flakes that remain after most of the oil is removed from oilseeds. Used as a feedstuff for livestock and poultry.

Oilseed Rape:
An arable crop, also known as canola, grown for the extraction of oil from the seeds. Rapeseed (canola) meal, a byproduct of the oil extraction process is used as a high-protein animal feed.

Oilseed Rape:
An arable crop, also known as canola, grown for the extraction of oil from the seeds. Rapeseed (canola) meal, a byproduct of the oil extraction process is used as a high-protein animal feed.

Old growth (virgin timber):
Old, naturally established trees often characterized by dense straight grain and a lack of knots and defects.

Old growth (virgin timber):
Old, naturally established trees often characterized by dense straight grain and a lack of knots and defects.

Oligotrophic:
Nutrient poor (not necessarily base poor).

Oligotrophic:
Nutrient poor (not necessarily base poor).

Omnivores:
Animals that feed on material of both plant and animal origin.

Omnivores:
Animals that feed on material of both plant and animal origin.

Open center circuit:
One in which pump delivery flows freely through the system and back to the reservoir in neutral.

Open center circuit:
One in which pump delivery flows freely through the system and back to the reservoir in neutral.

Open center circuit:
One in which pump delivery flows freely through the system and back to the reservoir in neutral.

Open center circuit:
One in which pump delivery flows freely through the system and back to the reservoir in neutral.

Open center circuit:
One in which pump delivery flows freely through the system and back to the reservoir in neutral.

Open center valve:
One in which all ports are interconnected and open to each other in the center or neutral position.

Open center valve:
One in which all ports are interconnected and open to each other in the center or neutral position.

Open center valve:
One in which all ports are interconnected and open to each other in the center or neutral position.

Open center valve:
One in which all ports are interconnected and open to each other in the center or neutral position.

Open center valve:
One in which all ports are interconnected and open to each other in the center or neutral position.

Open pit:
A surface mine, open to daylight. Also referred to as open-cut or open-cast mine.

Open pit:
A surface mine, open to daylight. Also referred to as open-cut or open-cast mine.

Open saw:
An open circular saw is one that is stretched too much in the inner area for the speed at which it is running.  It will not stand up straight and will heat in the center while running.  In inserted-tooth circular saws, worn shanks can also cause and open saw.  Also called a "Dished saw".

Open saw:
An open circular saw is one that is stretched too much in the inner area for the speed at which it is running.  It will not stand up straight and will heat in the center while running.  In inserted-tooth circular saws, worn shanks can also cause and open saw.  Also called a "Dished saw".

Ore:
A mixture of ore minerals and gangue from which at least one of the metals can be extracted at a profit.

Ore:
A mixture of ore minerals and gangue from which at least one of the metals can be extracted at a profit.

Orebody:
A natural concentration of valuable material that can be extracted and sold at a profit.

Orebody:
A natural concentration of valuable material that can be extracted and sold at a profit.

Ore dressing:
Removal of waste and the preparation/concentration of ore.

Ore dressing:
Removal of waste and the preparation/concentration of ore.

Ore grade:
Amount of minerals contained in an ore. Expressed as a percentage or grams per tonne.

Ore grade:
Amount of minerals contained in an ore. Expressed as a percentage or grams per tonne.

Oreshoot:
The portion, or length, of the vein, or other ore structure, that carries sufficient valuable mineral to be extracted profitably.

Oreshoot:
The portion, or length, of the vein, or other ore structure, that carries sufficient valuable mineral to be extracted profitably.

Organic:
Nutrient that is vegetable or animal origin.

Organic:
Nutrient that is vegetable or animal origin.

Organic matter:
The total weight of the feed minus the weight of the mineral matter (or ash) in the feed.

Organic matter:
The total weight of the feed minus the weight of the mineral matter (or ash) in the feed.

Oriented strandboard (OSB):
Composed of strand-type flakes aligned in directions which make a panel stronger, stiffer, and with improved dimensional properties in the aligned directions than a panel with random flake orientation.

Oriented strandboard (OSB):
Composed of strand-type flakes aligned in directions which make a panel stronger, stiffer, and with improved dimensional properties in the aligned directions than a panel with random flake orientation.

Orifice:
A restriction, the length of which is small in respect to its cross-sectional dimensions.

Orifice:
A restriction, the length of which is small in respect to its cross-sectional dimensions.

Orifice:
A restriction, the length of which is small in respect to its cross-sectional dimensions.

Orifice:
A restriction, the length of which is small in respect to its cross-sectional dimensions.

Orifice:
A restriction, the length of which is small in respect to its cross-sectional dimensions.

Outboard motor:
Internal combustion engine mounted at the transom that incorporates motor, driveshaft and propeller.

Outboard motor:
Internal combustion engine mounted at the transom that incorporates motor, driveshaft and propeller.

Outdrive:
The lower unit of a stern-drive motor that houses the drive gears and to which the propeller fastens.

Outdrive:
The lower unit of a stern-drive motor that houses the drive gears and to which the propeller fastens.

Outfeed:
The side of a power tool where the board exits.

Outfeed:
The side of a power tool where the board exits.

Outrigger:
Poles designed to spread out fishing lines and keep them from tangling while trolling.

Outrigger:
Poles designed to spread out fishing lines and keep them from tangling while trolling.

Ovendry weight:
Weight obtained by drying wood in an oven at 102 degrees F (plus or minus 3 degrees F) until there is no more weight loss.

Ovendry weight:
Weight obtained by drying wood in an oven at 102 degrees F (plus or minus 3 degrees F) until there is no more weight loss.

Oven-dry wood:
Wood dried to a relatively constant weight in a ventilated oven at 102 to 105C.

Oven-dry wood:
Wood dried to a relatively constant weight in a ventilated oven at 102 to 105C.

Overboard:
Over the side of a boat and into the water.

Overboard:
Over the side of a boat and into the water.

Overburden:
Waste rock or cover above an orebody.

Overburden:
Waste rock or cover above an orebody.

Overdry:
Lumber dried to the point of having low moisture content.

Overdry:
Lumber dried to the point of having low moisture content.

Overlay:
A thin layer of paper, plastic, film, metal foil, or other material bonded to one or both faces of panel products, or to lumber, to provide a protective or decorative face, or a base for painting.

Overlay:
A thin layer of paper, plastic, film, metal foil, or other material bonded to one or both faces of panel products, or to lumber, to provide a protective or decorative face, or a base for painting.

Overrun:
The excess lumber, in board feet, actually sawn from logs compared to the amount of lumber predicted by a board foot log scale; usually expressed as a percent of log scale (Scribner).

Overrun:
The excess lumber, in board feet, actually sawn from logs compared to the amount of lumber predicted by a board foot log scale; usually expressed as a percent of log scale (Scribner).

Overs:
Chips larger than acceptable length or width.

Overs:
Chips larger than acceptable length or width.

Overstorey:
That portion of the trees, in a forest of more than one storey, forming the upper or uppermost canopy layer.

Overstorey:
That portion of the trees, in a forest of more than one storey, forming the upper or uppermost canopy layer.

Oxidation:
Chemical reaction caused by exposure to oxygen that results in a change in the chemical composition of a mineral.

Oxidation:
Chemical reaction caused by exposure to oxygen that results in a change in the chemical composition of a mineral.

Oxygenate:
An oxygenate is a compound which contains oxygen in its molecular structure. Ethanol and biodiesel act as oxygenates when they are blended with conventional fuels. Oxygenated fuel improves combustion efficiency and reduces tailpipe emissions of CO.

Oxygenate:
An oxygenate is a compound which contains oxygen in its molecular structure. Ethanol and biodiesel act as oxygenates when they are blended with conventional fuels. Oxygenated fuel improves combustion efficiency and reduces tailpipe emissions of CO.

Pad:
Impermeable foundation used as a base for ore during heap leaching.

Pad:
Impermeable foundation used as a base for ore during heap leaching.

Palatability:
Taste appeal, the degree of acceptability of a feed to livestock.

Palatability:
Taste appeal, the degree of acceptability of a feed to livestock.

Panel products:
A descriptor that generally includes some or all of the following: plywood, waferboard and oriented strandboard, hardboard, insulation board, and composites using these materials.

Panel products:
A descriptor that generally includes some or all of the following: plywood, waferboard and oriented strandboard, hardboard, insulation board, and composites using these materials.

Panel stock:
Stock panels which are 4′ wide and 8′ long. Therefore, the gross length of the veneer required for these panels is at least 98″ to 100″. It may include 9′ and 10′ lengths.

Panel stock:
Stock panels which are 4′ wide and 8′ long. Therefore, the gross length of the veneer required for these panels is at least 98″ to 100″. It may include 9′ and 10′ lengths.

Paper:
Generally, a matted or felted sheet of vegetable fiber, formed on a screen from a water suspension, used for writing and printing as well as for wrapping and many other purposes.  Paper is one of two broad subdivisions of the general term, papers; the other is paperboard.

Paper:
Generally, a matted or felted sheet of vegetable fiber, formed on a screen from a water suspension, used for writing and printing as well as for wrapping and many other purposes.  Paper is one of two broad subdivisions of the general term, papers; the other is paperboard.

Paperboard:
A general term describing sheets made of fibrous material 0.012 inch or more in thickness.  Compared with paper, paperboard is heavier per unit area, thicker, and more rigid.  Paperboard is the term used to describe any single variety, or group of varieties, of board materials used in the production of boxes, folding cartons, and solid fiber and corrugated shipping containers.

Paperboard:
A general term describing sheets made of fibrous material 0.012 inch or more in thickness.  Compared with paper, paperboard is heavier per unit area, thicker, and more rigid.  Paperboard is the term used to describe any single variety, or group of varieties, of board materials used in the production of boxes, folding cartons, and solid fiber and corrugated shipping containers.

Paper wrap:
Material used to wrap loads of finished lumber to protect it from weather and damage.  Normally also display company name and logo.

Paper wrap:
Material used to wrap loads of finished lumber to protect it from weather and damage.  Normally also display company name and logo.

Parallam:
Parallel strand lumber (PSL). A composite wood product where veneers are clipped into 1" strips and pressed together (all grain parallel) into a large billet. Billets are cut into different sizes for high strength beam and column applications. The attractive material may be left exposed. CCA treated PSL is also available for exterior use.

Parallam:
Parallel strand lumber (PSL). A composite wood product where veneers are clipped into 1" strips and pressed together (all grain parallel) into a large billet. Billets are cut into different sizes for high strength beam and column applications. The attractive material may be left exposed. CCA treated PSL is also available for exterior use.

Parallel strand lumber (PSL):
A structural wood product made by gluing together long strands of wood that have been cut from softwood veneer.

Parallel strand lumber (PSL):
A structural wood product made by gluing together long strands of wood that have been cut from softwood veneer.

Particleboard:
A generic term for a material manufactured from wood particles or other lignocellulosic material and a synthetic resin or suitable binder.

Particleboard:
A generic term for a material manufactured from wood particles or other lignocellulosic material and a synthetic resin or suitable binder.

Particleboard, extruded:
Made by ramming binder-coated particles into a heated die, which subsequently cure the binder and forms a rigid mass as the material is moved through the die.

Particleboard, extruded:
Made by ramming binder-coated particles into a heated die, which subsequently cure the binder and forms a rigid mass as the material is moved through the die.

Particleboard, mat-formed:
Particles (being previously coated with the binding agent) are formed into a mat having substantially the same length and width as the finished panel.  This mat is then pressed in a heated flat-platen press to cure the binding agent.

Particleboard, mat-formed:
Particles (being previously coated with the binding agent) are formed into a mat having substantially the same length and width as the finished panel.  This mat is then pressed in a heated flat-platen press to cure the binding agent.

Particleboard, Mende-process:
Made in a continuous ribbon from wood particles with thermosetting resins used to bond the particles.  Thickness ranges from 1/32 to 1/4 inch.

Particleboard, Mende-process:
Made in a continuous ribbon from wood particles with thermosetting resins used to bond the particles.  Thickness ranges from 1/32 to 1/4 inch.

Particleboard, multilayer:
Wood particles are made or classified into different sizes and placed into the preprocessed panel configuration to produce a panel with specific properties.  Panels destined for primarily nonstructural uses requiring smooth faces are configured with small particles on the outside and coarser particles on the interior (core).  Panels designed for structural application may have flakes aligned in orthogonal directions in various layers which mimic the structure of plywood.  Three- and five-layer constructions are most common.

Particleboard, multilayer:
Wood particles are made or classified into different sizes and placed into the preprocessed panel configuration to produce a panel with specific properties.  Panels destined for primarily nonstructural uses requiring smooth faces are configured with small particles on the outside and coarser particles on the interior (core).  Panels designed for structural application may have flakes aligned in orthogonal directions in various layers which mimic the structure of plywood.  Three- and five-layer constructions are most common.

Parts per million (ppm):
1 milligram per kilogram = 1ppm = 1 pound per million pounds.

Parts per million (ppm):
1 milligram per kilogram = 1ppm = 1 pound per million pounds.

Parts per million (ppm):
1 milligram per kilogram = 1ppm = 1 pound per million pounds.

Pascal (Pa):
A unit of pressure or stress equal to one newton per square metre.

Pascal (Pa):
A unit of pressure or stress equal to one newton per square metre.

Pascal (Pa):
A unit of pressure or stress equal to one newton per square metre.

Pascal (Pa):
A unit of pressure or stress equal to one newton per square metre.

Pascal (Pa):
A unit of pressure or stress equal to one newton per square metre.

Pasture:
An area of grassy land where farm animals range and feed.

Pasture:
An area of grassy land where farm animals range and feed.

Peat:
Partially decayed plant material found in swamps and bogs. One of the earliest stages of coal formation.

Peat:
Partially decayed plant material found in swamps and bogs. One of the earliest stages of coal formation.

Peel:
To convert a log into veneer by rotary cutting.

Peel:
To convert a log into veneer by rotary cutting.

Peeler:
Logs used for peeling into thin layers called veneer for the manufacture of plywood.

Peeler:
Logs used for peeling into thin layers called veneer for the manufacture of plywood.

Pellet dies:
The component of a pellet mill that contains small holes through which soft feed it forced producing cyclindrical feed pellets.

Pellet dies:
The component of a pellet mill that contains small holes through which soft feed it forced producing cyclindrical feed pellets.

Pelleted:
A ration that goes through the process to compact the ration into a pellet.

Pelleted:
A ration that goes through the process to compact the ration into a pellet.

Pelleting compression ratio:
The ratio between the effective pelleting length (the actual compression thickness) and the pellet hole diameter (D).

Pelleting compression ratio:
The ratio between the effective pelleting length (the actual compression thickness) and the pellet hole diameter (D).

Pellet mill:
Type of mill that creates cylindrical feed pellets from a mixture of feedstock ingredients. Achieved by forcing soft feed through holes in a metal die plate to form compacted pellets which are then cut to a pre-determined size.

Pellet mill:
Type of mill that creates cylindrical feed pellets from a mixture of feedstock ingredients. Achieved by forcing soft feed through holes in a metal die plate to form compacted pellets which are then cut to a pre-determined size.

Pellet rolls:
Single or double rolls (also known as pellet shells) mounted inside the die ring which turn and force feed into the die holes.  Patterns/Configurations include: corrugated open end, corrugated closed end, corrugated helical, standard dimple, tungsten and pinnacle.

Pellet rolls:
Single or double rolls (also known as pellet shells) mounted inside the die ring which turn and force feed into the die holes.  Patterns/Configurations include: corrugated open end, corrugated closed end, corrugated helical, standard dimple, tungsten and pinnacle.

Pentachlorophenol (penta):
A chemical used in wood preserving; it is usually applied under pressure so that it will penetrate the wood.

Pentachlorophenol (penta):
A chemical used in wood preserving; it is usually applied under pressure so that it will penetrate the wood.

Percent Moisture (% H2O):
Indicates the proportion of water in the feed sample, calculated by weighing the sample before and after complete drying.

Percent Moisture (% H2O):
Indicates the proportion of water in the feed sample, calculated by weighing the sample before and after complete drying.

Percussion drill:
A drill that delivers its energy through a pounding or hammering action.

Percussion drill:
A drill that delivers its energy through a pounding or hammering action.

Personal flotation device (PFD):
A safety vest or jacket capable of keeping an individual afloat.

Personal flotation device (PFD):
A safety vest or jacket capable of keeping an individual afloat.

Personal watercraft (PWC) :
A small, lightweight craft designed to be either sat-on or stood-on with motorcycle-like handlebars and squeeze throttle, usually jet-propelled.

Personal watercraft (PWC) :
A small, lightweight craft designed to be either sat-on or stood-on with motorcycle-like handlebars and squeeze throttle, usually jet-propelled.

Pet:
An animal kept for the pleasure of its owner.

Pet:
An animal kept for the pleasure of its owner.

Petfood:
Feed intended for consumption by cats, dogs or any animals kept for the pleasure of its owner.

Petfood:
Feed intended for consumption by cats, dogs or any animals kept for the pleasure of its owner.

pH:
The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.  pH levels below 7 are acidic and above 7 are alkaline.

pH:
The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.  pH levels below 7 are acidic and above 7 are alkaline.

pH:
The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.  pH levels below 7 are acidic and above 7 are alkaline.

Photocell:
Device used to detect the presence of an object.  A photocell is composed of a transmitter, which transmits an infrared signal to a receiver or reflector.

Photocell:
Device used to detect the presence of an object.  A photocell is composed of a transmitter, which transmits an infrared signal to a receiver or reflector.

Photocell:
Device used to detect the presence of an object.  A photocell is composed of a transmitter, which transmits an infrared signal to a receiver or reflector.

Photocell:
Device used to detect the presence of an object.  A photocell is composed of a transmitter, which transmits an infrared signal to a receiver or reflector.

Photocell:
Device used to detect the presence of an object.  A photocell is composed of a transmitter, which transmits an infrared signal to a receiver or reflector.

Photosynthesis:
A process that plants use to synthesize nutrients from water and minerals using sunlight.

Photosynthesis:
A process that plants use to synthesize nutrients from water and minerals using sunlight.

Photosynthesis:
A process that plants use to synthesize nutrients from water and minerals using sunlight.

Photosynthesis:
A process that plants use to synthesize nutrients from water and minerals using sunlight.

Pile:
A long, heavy timber, round or square, driven deep into the ground to provide a secure foundation for structures built on soft, wet, or submerged sites (e.g., landing stages, bridge abutments).

Pile:
A long, heavy timber, round or square, driven deep into the ground to provide a secure foundation for structures built on soft, wet, or submerged sites (e.g., landing stages, bridge abutments).

Pile:
A long, heavy timber, round or square, driven deep into the ground to provide a secure foundation for structures built on soft, wet, or submerged sites (e.g., landing stages, bridge abutments).

Pile:
A long, heavy timber, round or square, driven deep into the ground to provide a secure foundation for structures built on soft, wet, or submerged sites (e.g., landing stages, bridge abutments).

Piling :
A post driven into the ground below the waterline to support a pier, dock, etc.

Piling :
A post driven into the ground below the waterline to support a pier, dock, etc.

Pilot house:
A fully enclosed helm compartment.

Pilot house:
A fully enclosed helm compartment.

Pilot pressure:
Auxiliary pressure used to actuate or control hydraulic components.

Pilot pressure:
Auxiliary pressure used to actuate or control hydraulic components.

Pilot pressure:
Auxiliary pressure used to actuate or control hydraulic components.

Pilot pressure:
Auxiliary pressure used to actuate or control hydraulic components.

Pilot pressure:
Auxiliary pressure used to actuate or control hydraulic components.

Pilot scale:
The size of a system between the small laboratory model size (bench scale) and a full-size system.

Pilot scale:
The size of a system between the small laboratory model size (bench scale) and a full-size system.

Pilot valve:
An auxiliary valve used to control the operation of another valve.  The controlling stage of a 2-stage valve.

Pilot valve:
An auxiliary valve used to control the operation of another valve.  The controlling stage of a 2-stage valve.

Pilot valve:
An auxiliary valve used to control the operation of another valve.  The controlling stage of a 2-stage valve.

Pilot valve:
An auxiliary valve used to control the operation of another valve.  The controlling stage of a 2-stage valve.

Pilot valve:
An auxiliary valve used to control the operation of another valve.  The controlling stage of a 2-stage valve.

Pinch:
To sail too close to the wind.

Piston:
A cylindrically shaped part which fits within a cylinder and transmits or receives motion by means of a connecting rod.

Piston:
A cylindrically shaped part which fits within a cylinder and transmits or receives motion by means of a connecting rod.

Piston:
A cylindrically shaped part which fits within a cylinder and transmits or receives motion by means of a connecting rod.

Piston:
A cylindrically shaped part which fits within a cylinder and transmits or receives motion by means of a connecting rod.

Piston:
A cylindrically shaped part which fits within a cylinder and transmits or receives motion by means of a connecting rod.

Pitch:
Theoretical distance a propeller would travel in one revolution. Also, the rise and fall of a boat's bow and stern.

Pitch:
Theoretical distance a propeller would travel in one revolution. Also, the rise and fall of a boat's bow and stern.

Pitch:
Theoretical distance a propeller would travel in one revolution. Also, the rise and fall of a boat's bow and stern.

Pitch:
Theoretical distance a propeller would travel in one revolution. Also, the rise and fall of a boat's bow and stern.

Pitchblende:
An important uranium ore mineral, containing a high percentage of uranium oxide.

Pitchblende:
An important uranium ore mineral, containing a high percentage of uranium oxide.

Pitch pocket:
An opening between growth rings which usually contains or has contained resin or bark or both.

Pitch pocket:
An opening between growth rings which usually contains or has contained resin or bark or both.

Pith:
The small cylinder of primary tissue of a tree stem around which the annual rings form; the center of a tree.

Pith:
The small cylinder of primary tissue of a tree stem around which the annual rings form; the center of a tree.

Placer:
Alluvial deposit of sand and gravel containing valuable metals such as gold.

Placer:
Alluvial deposit of sand and gravel containing valuable metals such as gold.

Planer:
Machine centre used to process rough lumber into a finished product, leaving it smooth and uniform in size.

Planer:
Machine centre used to process rough lumber into a finished product, leaving it smooth and uniform in size.

Planer mill:
Although sometimes a separate facility, the planer mill is usually that part of a sawmill where lumber is planed, graded, and sorted.

Planer mill:
Although sometimes a separate facility, the planer mill is usually that part of a sawmill where lumber is planed, graded, and sorted.

Planer shavings:
The residue obtained when a piece of wood is surfaced by a planer.

Planer shavings:
The residue obtained when a piece of wood is surfaced by a planer.

Planing allowance:
The quantity of wood, normally expressed in thousandths of an inch, that is set to be removed by a planer during surfacing.

Planing allowance:
The quantity of wood, normally expressed in thousandths of an inch, that is set to be removed by a planer during surfacing.

Planing hull:
A boat hull designed to ride on top of the water rather than plowing through it.

Planing hull:
A boat hull designed to ride on top of the water rather than plowing through it.

Plant-based foods:
Product based on plants or plant extracts and intended to balance the diet.

Plant-based foods:
Product based on plants or plant extracts and intended to balance the diet.

Platform frame construction:
The type of construction most often used in home building in which the floor joists are completed first and completely covered with a sub-flooring to form a platform upon which exterior walls and interior partitions are erected.

Platform frame construction:
The type of construction most often used in home building in which the floor joists are completed first and completely covered with a sub-flooring to form a platform upon which exterior walls and interior partitions are erected.

PLC:
Programmable logic controllers.  Industrial computer with I/O capability, which programs in ladder-relay logic.

PLC:
Programmable logic controllers.  Industrial computer with I/O capability, which programs in ladder-relay logic.

PLC:
Programmable logic controllers.  Industrial computer with I/O capability, which programs in ladder-relay logic.

PLC:
Programmable logic controllers.  Industrial computer with I/O capability, which programs in ladder-relay logic.

PLC:
Programmable logic controllers.  Industrial computer with I/O capability, which programs in ladder-relay logic.

Pleasure boating:
Recreational day boating in runabouts, deck boats, pontoon boats, bowriders and sportboats.

Pleasure boating:
Recreational day boating in runabouts, deck boats, pontoon boats, bowriders and sportboats.

Plenum baffle:
A fixed or adjustable baffle suspended in the plenum chamber of a dry kiln designed to split and direct airflow top to bottom through the lumber load.

Plenum baffle:
A fixed or adjustable baffle suspended in the plenum chamber of a dry kiln designed to split and direct airflow top to bottom through the lumber load.

Plenum chamber:
The space between the lumber and the outside walls of a dry kiln.

Plenum chamber:
The space between the lumber and the outside walls of a dry kiln.

Plot:
To plan a navigation course using a chart.

Plot:
To plan a navigation course using a chart.

Plumb:
Straight up and down, perfectly vertical.

Plumb:
Straight up and down, perfectly vertical.

Plumb:
Straight up and down, perfectly vertical.

Plumb:
Straight up and down, perfectly vertical.

Plumb:
Straight up and down, perfectly vertical.

Plunger:
A cylindrically shaped part which has only one diameter and is used to transmit thrust.  A ram.

Plunger:
A cylindrically shaped part which has only one diameter and is used to transmit thrust.  A ram.

Plunger:
A cylindrically shaped part which has only one diameter and is used to transmit thrust.  A ram.

Plunger:
A cylindrically shaped part which has only one diameter and is used to transmit thrust.  A ram.

Plunger:
A cylindrically shaped part which has only one diameter and is used to transmit thrust.  A ram.

Ply:
A single sheet of veneer forming one layer in a multi-layered piece of plywood.

Ply:
A single sheet of veneer forming one layer in a multi-layered piece of plywood.

Plywood:
A glued wood panel made up of relatively thin layers of veneer with the grain of adjacent layers at right angles, or of veneer in combination with a core of lumber or of reconstituted wood.  The usual constructions have an odd number of layers.

Plywood:
A glued wood panel made up of relatively thin layers of veneer with the grain of adjacent layers at right angles, or of veneer in combination with a core of lumber or of reconstituted wood.  The usual constructions have an odd number of layers.

Plywood, cold-pressed:
Refers to interior-type plywood manufactured in a press without external applications of heat.

Plywood, cold-pressed:
Refers to interior-type plywood manufactured in a press without external applications of heat.

Plywood, exterior:
A general term for plywood bonded with a type of adhesive that by systematic tests and service records has proved highly resistant to weather; microorganisms; cold, hot, and boiling water; steam; and dry heat.

Plywood, exterior:
A general term for plywood bonded with a type of adhesive that by systematic tests and service records has proved highly resistant to weather; microorganisms; cold, hot, and boiling water; steam; and dry heat.

Plywood, interior:
A general term for plywood manufactured for indoor use or in construction subjected to only temporary moisture.  The adhesive used may be interior, intermediate, or exterior.

Plywood, interior:
A general term for plywood manufactured for indoor use or in construction subjected to only temporary moisture.  The adhesive used may be interior, intermediate, or exterior.

Plywood, marine:
Plywood panels manufactured with the same glueline durability requirements as other exterior-type panels but with more restrictive veneer quality requirements.

Plywood, marine:
Plywood panels manufactured with the same glueline durability requirements as other exterior-type panels but with more restrictive veneer quality requirements.

Plywood, molded:
Plywood that is glued to the desired shape either between curved forms or more commonly by fluid pressure applied with flexible bags or blankets (bag molding) or other means.

Plywood, molded:
Plywood that is glued to the desired shape either between curved forms or more commonly by fluid pressure applied with flexible bags or blankets (bag molding) or other means.

Plywood, postformed:
The product formed when flat plywood is reshaped into a curved configuration by steaming or plasticizing agents.

Plywood, postformed:
The product formed when flat plywood is reshaped into a curved configuration by steaming or plasticizing agents.

Pneumatic:
To move or convey an object by air pressure.

Pneumatic:
To move or convey an object by air pressure.

Pod:
The container for seeds on a legume plant.

Pod:
The container for seeds on a legume plant.

Pointing head:
Equipment used to form the point on the end of roundwood fence posts. Can consist of a rotating cutterhead (forms cone shaped point) or sets of cutting blades (two sided/four sided points).

Pointing head:
Equipment used to form the point on the end of roundwood fence posts. Can consist of a rotating cutterhead (forms cone shaped point) or sets of cutting blades (two sided/four sided points).

Poling platform:
Small elevated stand on a flats boat used by a fisherman to silently pole through shallow water and scout for fish.

Poling platform:
Small elevated stand on a flats boat used by a fisherman to silently pole through shallow water and scout for fish.

Polishing pond:
The last settling ponds through which mill effluent flows before being discharged into the natural environment.

Polishing pond:
The last settling ponds through which mill effluent flows before being discharged into the natural environment.

Polymetallic:
Complex ores containing profitable amounts of more than one valuable mineral.

Polymetallic:
Complex ores containing profitable amounts of more than one valuable mineral.

Poly under top tier (PUTT):
A way of giving some protection to unitized lumber by the insertion of a piece of plastic between the next-to-top and top tiers.

Poly under top tier (PUTT):
A way of giving some protection to unitized lumber by the insertion of a piece of plastic between the next-to-top and top tiers.

Pontoon boat:
A type of boat with a flat deck attached to airtight flotation tubes or logs.

Pontoon boat:
A type of boat with a flat deck attached to airtight flotation tubes or logs.

Poppet:
That part of certain valves which prevents flow when it closes against a seat.

Poppet:
That part of certain valves which prevents flow when it closes against a seat.

Poppet:
That part of certain valves which prevents flow when it closes against a seat.

Poppet:
That part of certain valves which prevents flow when it closes against a seat.

Poppet:
That part of certain valves which prevents flow when it closes against a seat.

Port:
An internal or external terminus of a passage in a component.

Port:
An internal or external terminus of a passage in a component.

Port:
An internal or external terminus of a passage in a component.

Port:
An internal or external terminus of a passage in a component.

Port:
An internal or external terminus of a passage in a component.

Port:
An internal or external terminus of a passage in a component.

Positive displacement:
A characteristic of a pump or motor which has the inlet positively sealed from the outlet so that fluid cannot recirculate in the component.

Positive displacement:
A characteristic of a pump or motor which has the inlet positively sealed from the outlet so that fluid cannot recirculate in the component.

Positive displacement:
A characteristic of a pump or motor which has the inlet positively sealed from the outlet so that fluid cannot recirculate in the component.

Positive displacement:
A characteristic of a pump or motor which has the inlet positively sealed from the outlet so that fluid cannot recirculate in the component.

Positive displacement:
A characteristic of a pump or motor which has the inlet positively sealed from the outlet so that fluid cannot recirculate in the component.

Potentiometer:
A control element in the servo system which measures and controls electrical potential.

Potentiometer:
A control element in the servo system which measures and controls electrical potential.

Potentiometer:
A control element in the servo system which measures and controls electrical potential.

Potentiometer:
A control element in the servo system which measures and controls electrical potential.

Potentiometer:
A control element in the servo system which measures and controls electrical potential.

Pound (lb):
A unit of weight equal to 16 ounces (0.45 kilograms).

Pound (lb):
A unit of weight equal to 16 ounces (0.45 kilograms).

Pound (lb):
A unit of weight equal to 16 ounces (0.45 kilograms).

Pound (lb):
A unit of weight equal to 16 ounces (0.45 kilograms).

Pound (lb):
A unit of weight equal to 16 ounces (0.45 kilograms).

Powder-post damage:
Small holes (1/16" to 1/12" in diameter) filled with dry, crumbled wood, resulting from the work of beetles (mostly Lyctus) in seasoned and unseasoned wood.

Powder-post damage:
Small holes (1/16" to 1/12" in diameter) filled with dry, crumbled wood, resulting from the work of beetles (mostly Lyctus) in seasoned and unseasoned wood.

Power:
Work per unit of time.  Measured in horsepower (hp) or watts (W).

Power:
Work per unit of time.  Measured in horsepower (hp) or watts (W).

Power:
Work per unit of time.  Measured in horsepower (hp) or watts (W).

Power:
Work per unit of time.  Measured in horsepower (hp) or watts (W).

Power:
Work per unit of time.  Measured in horsepower (hp) or watts (W).

Power boiler:
A boiler that uses wood waste and natural gas as fuel to produce process steam.

Power boiler:
A boiler that uses wood waste and natural gas as fuel to produce process steam.

Power boiler:
A boiler that uses wood waste and natural gas as fuel to produce process steam.

Power boiler:
A boiler that uses wood waste and natural gas as fuel to produce process steam.

Power catamaran:
A multi-hulled powerboat with two identical side-by-side hulls.

Power catamaran:
A multi-hulled powerboat with two identical side-by-side hulls.

Power cruiser:
A powerboat with overnight accommodations, typically up to 40 feet long.

Power cruiser:
A powerboat with overnight accommodations, typically up to 40 feet long.

Power cut:
The circular saw blade rotates in the same direction as the material is fed during the cutting process.

Power cut:
The circular saw blade rotates in the same direction as the material is fed during the cutting process.

Power pack:
An integral power supply unit usually containing a pump, reservoir, relief valve and directional control.

Power pack:
An integral power supply unit usually containing a pump, reservoir, relief valve and directional control.

Power pack:
An integral power supply unit usually containing a pump, reservoir, relief valve and directional control.

Power pack:
An integral power supply unit usually containing a pump, reservoir, relief valve and directional control.

Power pack:
An integral power supply unit usually containing a pump, reservoir, relief valve and directional control.

Precharge pressure:
The pressure of compressed gas in an accumulator prior to the admission of liquid.

Precharge pressure:
The pressure of compressed gas in an accumulator prior to the admission of liquid.

Precharge pressure:
The pressure of compressed gas in an accumulator prior to the admission of liquid.

Precharge pressure:
The pressure of compressed gas in an accumulator prior to the admission of liquid.

Precharge pressure:
The pressure of compressed gas in an accumulator prior to the admission of liquid.

Precipitate:
Material that settles from a liquid solution when a particular substance is added to the solute.

Precipitate:
Material that settles from a liquid solution when a particular substance is added to the solute.

Precision end trimmed (PET):
Lumber trimmed smooth on both ends and varying no more than 1/16" in nor more than 20% of the pieces. May be a condition of sale.

Precision end trimmed (PET):
Lumber trimmed smooth on both ends and varying no more than 1/16" in nor more than 20% of the pieces. May be a condition of sale.

Prefabricated housing:
Housing units partially or completely built in a factory.

Prefabricated housing:
Housing units partially or completely built in a factory.

Premix:
Broad term to describe a mixture of more than one component. Generally when discussing a complete ration, the premix will include all the vitamins, trace minerals, amino acids and other additives. Some premixes will include the major minerals as well.

Premix:
Broad term to describe a mixture of more than one component. Generally when discussing a complete ration, the premix will include all the vitamins, trace minerals, amino acids and other additives. Some premixes will include the major minerals as well.

Preparation plant:
A plant where coal is cleaned, sized, and prepared for market.

Preparation plant:
A plant where coal is cleaned, sized, and prepared for market.

Preprinted linerboard:
Linerboard that is printed before being sent to a box plant for manufacture into a corrugated container.

Preprinted linerboard:
Linerboard that is printed before being sent to a box plant for manufacture into a corrugated container.

Present value:
The worth of future receipts or costs expressed in current value. To obtain present value, an interest rate is used to discount future receipts or costs.

Present value:
The worth of future receipts or costs expressed in current value. To obtain present value, an interest rate is used to discount future receipts or costs.

Preservative:
Any substance that, for a reasonable length of time, is effective in preventing the development and action of wood-rotting fungi, borers of various kinds, and harmful insects that deteriorate wood.

Preservative:
Any substance that, for a reasonable length of time, is effective in preventing the development and action of wood-rotting fungi, borers of various kinds, and harmful insects that deteriorate wood.

Pressure:
Force per unit area. Usually measured in pounds per square inch (PSI) or kilopascals (kPa). A kilopascal is equal to 1000 newtons per square metre or 0.0102 kg/sq cm (0.145 lb/sq in).

Pressure:
Force per unit area. Usually measured in pounds per square inch (PSI) or kilopascals (kPa). A kilopascal is equal to 1000 newtons per square metre or 0.0102 kg/sq cm (0.145 lb/sq in).

Pressure:
Force per unit area. Usually measured in pounds per square inch (PSI) or kilopascals (kPa). A kilopascal is equal to 1000 newtons per square metre or 0.0102 kg/sq cm (0.145 lb/sq in).

Pressure:
Force per unit area. Usually measured in pounds per square inch (PSI) or kilopascals (kPa). A kilopascal is equal to 1000 newtons per square metre or 0.0102 kg/sq cm (0.145 lb/sq in).

Pressure:
Force per unit area. Usually measured in pounds per square inch (PSI) or kilopascals (kPa). A kilopascal is equal to 1000 newtons per square metre or 0.0102 kg/sq cm (0.145 lb/sq in).

Pressure burst:
A seismic event whereby there is a sudden release of energy in a mine, much like a mini-earthquake.

Pressure burst:
A seismic event whereby there is a sudden release of energy in a mine, much like a mini-earthquake.

Pressure drop:
The difference in pressure between any two points of a system or a component.

Pressure drop:
The difference in pressure between any two points of a system or a component.

Pressure drop:
The difference in pressure between any two points of a system or a component.

Pressure drop:
The difference in pressure between any two points of a system or a component.

Pressure drop:
The difference in pressure between any two points of a system or a component.

Pressure line:
The line carrying the fluid from the pump outlet to the pressurized port of the actuator.

Pressure line:
The line carrying the fluid from the pump outlet to the pressurized port of the actuator.

Pressure line:
The line carrying the fluid from the pump outlet to the pressurized port of the actuator.

Pressure line:
The line carrying the fluid from the pump outlet to the pressurized port of the actuator.

Pressure line:
The line carrying the fluid from the pump outlet to the pressurized port of the actuator.

Pressure override:
The difference between the cracking pressure of a valve and the pressure reached when the valve is passing full flow.

Pressure override:
The difference between the cracking pressure of a valve and the pressure reached when the valve is passing full flow.

Pressure override:
The difference between the cracking pressure of a valve and the pressure reached when the valve is passing full flow.

Pressure override:
The difference between the cracking pressure of a valve and the pressure reached when the valve is passing full flow.

Pressure override:
The difference between the cracking pressure of a valve and the pressure reached when the valve is passing full flow.

Pressure plate:
A side plate in a vane pump or motor cartridge on the pressure port side.

Pressure plate:
A side plate in a vane pump or motor cartridge on the pressure port side.

Pressure plate:
A side plate in a vane pump or motor cartridge on the pressure port side.

Pressure plate:
A side plate in a vane pump or motor cartridge on the pressure port side.

Pressure plate:
A side plate in a vane pump or motor cartridge on the pressure port side.

Pressure reducing valve:
A valve which limits the maximum pressure at its outlet regardless of the inlet pressure.

Pressure reducing valve:
A valve which limits the maximum pressure at its outlet regardless of the inlet pressure.

Pressure reducing valve:
A valve which limits the maximum pressure at its outlet regardless of the inlet pressure.

Pressure reducing valve:
A valve which limits the maximum pressure at its outlet regardless of the inlet pressure.

Pressure reducing valve:
A valve which limits the maximum pressure at its outlet regardless of the inlet pressure.

Pressure switch:
1.  An electric switch operated by fluid pressure.
2.  Switches that read the available pressure in air and hydraulic lines.  These switches are
     often used as a safety feature, to prevent equipment from operating when there is not enough
     air pressure or hydraulic fluid pressure.

Pressure switch:
1.  An electric switch operated by fluid pressure.
2.  Switches that read the available pressure in air and hydraulic lines.  These switches are
     often used as a safety feature, to prevent equipment from operating when there is not enough
     air pressure or hydraulic fluid pressure.

Pressure switch:
1.  An electric switch operated by fluid pressure.
2.  Switches that read the available pressure in air and hydraulic lines.  These switches are
     often used as a safety feature, to prevent equipment from operating when there is not enough
     air pressure or hydraulic fluid pressure.

Pressure switch:
1.  An electric switch operated by fluid pressure.
2.  Switches that read the available pressure in air and hydraulic lines.  These switches are
     often used as a safety feature, to prevent equipment from operating when there is not enough
     air pressure or hydraulic fluid pressure.

Pressure switch:
1.  An electric switch operated by fluid pressure.
2.  Switches that read the available pressure in air and hydraulic lines.  These switches are
     often used as a safety feature, to prevent equipment from operating when there is not enough
     air pressure or hydraulic fluid pressure.

Pressure treating:
A process of impregnating lumber or other wood products with various chemicals, such as preservatives and fire retardants, by forcing the chemicals into the structure of the wood using high pressure.

Pressure treating:
A process of impregnating lumber or other wood products with various chemicals, such as preservatives and fire retardants, by forcing the chemicals into the structure of the wood using high pressure.

Pre-Stripping:
Removing the waste rock (overburden) to gain access to an ore body below.

Pre-Stripping:
Removing the waste rock (overburden) to gain access to an ore body below.

Preventer:
A line run forward from the boom to a deck fitting to prevent accidental jibes.

Primary deposits:
Ore minerals deposited during the original period or periods of metallization as opposed to those deposited as a result of alteration or weathering.

Primary deposits:
Ore minerals deposited during the original period or periods of metallization as opposed to those deposited as a result of alteration or weathering.

Probable reserves:
Valuable mineralization that has been not sampled enough to accurately estimate the tonnage and grade.

Probable reserves:
Valuable mineralization that has been not sampled enough to accurately estimate the tonnage and grade.

Probiotics:
Can be a live (viable) culture of microbial species, a dead (non-viable) product of microbial fermentation or an extract of plant origin.  Added to animal feed to improve animal performance by increasing the population of desirable microorganisms in the gut.

Probiotics:
Can be a live (viable) culture of microbial species, a dead (non-viable) product of microbial fermentation or an extract of plant origin.  Added to animal feed to improve animal performance by increasing the population of desirable microorganisms in the gut.

Process heat:
Heat used in an industrial process rather than for space heating or other housekeeping purposes.

Process heat:
Heat used in an industrial process rather than for space heating or other housekeeping purposes.

Producer gas:
Fuel gas high in carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), produced by burning a solid fuel with insufficient air or by passing a mixture of air and steam through a burning bed of solid fuel.

Producer gas:
Fuel gas high in carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), produced by burning a solid fuel with insufficient air or by passing a mixture of air and steam through a burning bed of solid fuel.

Propeller:
A rotating multi-blade device that propels a boat through the water.

Propeller:
A rotating multi-blade device that propels a boat through the water.

Proportional flow:
In a filter, the condition where part of the flow passes through the filter element in proportion to pressure drop.

Proportional flow:
In a filter, the condition where part of the flow passes through the filter element in proportion to pressure drop.

Proportional flow:
In a filter, the condition where part of the flow passes through the filter element in proportion to pressure drop.

Proportional flow:
In a filter, the condition where part of the flow passes through the filter element in proportion to pressure drop.

Proportional flow:
In a filter, the condition where part of the flow passes through the filter element in proportion to pressure drop.

Prospecting:
The search for valuable mineral deposits.

Prospecting:
The search for valuable mineral deposits.

Protein:
Complex compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulphur are composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins are essential in the diet of animals for growth, lactation and reproduction.

Protein:
Complex compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulphur are composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins are essential in the diet of animals for growth, lactation and reproduction.

Proven reserves:
Reserves that have been sampled extensively and in sufficient detail to render an accurate estimation of grade and tonnage.

Proven reserves:
Reserves that have been sampled extensively and in sufficient detail to render an accurate estimation of grade and tonnage.

Proximate analysis:
A physical test of the constitution of coal that is not precise, but very useful for determining the commercial value.

Proximate analysis:
A physical test of the constitution of coal that is not precise, but very useful for determining the commercial value.

Proximity switch:
Photoelectric switches that are triggered as a piece passes near them.  Proximity switches are used to detect the presence or absence of material.

Proximity switch:
Photoelectric switches that are triggered as a piece passes near them.  Proximity switches are used to detect the presence or absence of material.

Proximity switch:
Photoelectric switches that are triggered as a piece passes near them.  Proximity switches are used to detect the presence or absence of material.

Proximity switch:
Photoelectric switches that are triggered as a piece passes near them.  Proximity switches are used to detect the presence or absence of material.

Proximity switch:
Photoelectric switches that are triggered as a piece passes near them.  Proximity switches are used to detect the presence or absence of material.

PSI:
Pounds per square inch.

PSI:
Pounds per square inch.

PSI:
Pounds per square inch.

PSI:
Pounds per square inch.

PSI:
Pounds per square inch.

Pulp:
Pulverized or ground ore in solution.

Pulp:
Pulverized or ground ore in solution.

Pulpit:
Forward deck and railing structure at the bow of a boat.

Pulpit:
Forward deck and railing structure at the bow of a boat.

Pulp logs:
Logs of lesser value (smaller in diameter with acceptable defects) than sawlogs, of greater value than cordwood. Pulp logs are usually bought by the ton to be debarked, reduced to chips, and used to manufacture pulp and paper.

Pulp logs:
Logs of lesser value (smaller in diameter with acceptable defects) than sawlogs, of greater value than cordwood. Pulp logs are usually bought by the ton to be debarked, reduced to chips, and used to manufacture pulp and paper.

Pulpwood:
Small timber bucked to length (can be longwood or shortwood lengths) for use as a fiber source in a pulpmill.

Pulpwood:
Small timber bucked to length (can be longwood or shortwood lengths) for use as a fiber source in a pulpmill.

Pulse generator:
Device attached to a moving chain that produces an electrical signal each time the chain moves a fixed distance.  The pulse generator is attached to the chain and used to track the movement of the pieces through a scanner.

Pulse generator:
Device attached to a moving chain that produces an electrical signal each time the chain moves a fixed distance.  The pulse generator is attached to the chain and used to track the movement of the pieces through a scanner.

Pump:
A device which converts mechanical force and motion into hydraulic fluid power.

Pump:
A device which converts mechanical force and motion into hydraulic fluid power.

Pump:
A device which converts mechanical force and motion into hydraulic fluid power.

Pump:
A device which converts mechanical force and motion into hydraulic fluid power.

Pump:
A device which converts mechanical force and motion into hydraulic fluid power.

Pyrolysis:
The thermal decomposition of biomass at high temperatures in the absence of air. The end product of pyrolysis is a mixture of solids (char), liquids (oxygenated oils), and gases (methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide).

Pyrolysis:
The thermal decomposition of biomass at high temperatures in the absence of air. The end product of pyrolysis is a mixture of solids (char), liquids (oxygenated oils), and gases (methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide).

Quad:
One quadrillion Btu (10^15 Btu) = 1.055 exajoules (EJ), or approximately 172 million barrels of oil equivalent.

Quad:
One quadrillion Btu (10^15 Btu) = 1.055 exajoules (EJ), or approximately 172 million barrels of oil equivalent.

Qualitative analysis:
Process of determining which metals are present in a sample.

Qualitative analysis:
Process of determining which metals are present in a sample.

Quality control:
Any activity that helps to maximize the value of the raw material through all phases of the manufacturing process.

Quality control:
Any activity that helps to maximize the value of the raw material through all phases of the manufacturing process.

Quality control:
Any activity that helps to maximize the value of the raw material through all phases of the manufacturing process.

Quality control:
Any activity that helps to maximize the value of the raw material through all phases of the manufacturing process.

Quality control:
Any activity that helps to maximize the value of the raw material through all phases of the manufacturing process.

Quantitative analysis:
Process of determining how much of a metal is present in a sample.

Quantitative analysis:
Process of determining how much of a metal is present in a sample.

Quartering:
The practice of aiming the boat's bow at a 45-degree angle to oncoming waves.

Quartering:
The practice of aiming the boat's bow at a 45-degree angle to oncoming waves.

Quarters:
Living and sleeping areas of a vessel.

Quarters:
Living and sleeping areas of a vessel.

Quartersawn:
Lumber sawn so that the annual rings form angles of 45 to 90 degrees with the surface of the piece.

Quartersawn:
Lumber sawn so that the annual rings form angles of 45 to 90 degrees with the surface of the piece.

Racer:
A sailboat designed primarily for speed and competition with a minimum of built-in creature comforts.

Racer:
A sailboat designed primarily for speed and competition with a minimum of built-in creature comforts.

Racer / cruiser:
A fast sailboat designed with comfortable accommodations.

Racer / cruiser:
A fast sailboat designed with comfortable accommodations.

Radar:
Electronic device using high frequency radio waves to detect objects and display their positions on a monitor.

Radar:
Electronic device using high frequency radio waves to detect objects and display their positions on a monitor.

Radial:
1.  Coincident with a radius from the axis of the tree or log to the circumference.  A radial section
     is a lengthwise section in a plane that passes through the center of the tree stem.
2.  A longitudinal surface or plane extending wholly or in part from the pith to the bark.

Radial:
1.  Coincident with a radius from the axis of the tree or log to the circumference.  A radial section
     is a lengthwise section in a plane that passes through the center of the tree stem.
2.  A longitudinal surface or plane extending wholly or in part from the pith to the bark.

Radial clearance:
Angular clearance on the sides of a saw tooth or saw blade.

Radial clearance:
Angular clearance on the sides of a saw tooth or saw blade.

Radon survey:
Geochemical survey technique which detects traces of radon gas, a product of radioactivity.

Radon survey:
Geochemical survey technique which detects traces of radon gas, a product of radioactivity.

Ram:
A single-acting cylinder with a single diameter plunger rather than a piston and rod.  The plunger in a ram-type cylinder.

Ram:
A single-acting cylinder with a single diameter plunger rather than a piston and rod.  The plunger in a ram-type cylinder.

Ram:
A single-acting cylinder with a single diameter plunger rather than a piston and rod.  The plunger in a ram-type cylinder.

Ram:
A single-acting cylinder with a single diameter plunger rather than a piston and rod.  The plunger in a ram-type cylinder.

Ram:
A single-acting cylinder with a single diameter plunger rather than a piston and rod.  The plunger in a ram-type cylinder.

Random lengths (RL):
Lumber of various lengths, usually in even two-foot increments. Lumber offered as random length will contain a variety of lengths which can vary greatly between manufacturers and species. A random length loading is presumed to contain a fair representation of the lengths being produced by a specific manufacturer.

Random lengths (RL):
Lumber of various lengths, usually in even two-foot increments. Lumber offered as random length will contain a variety of lengths which can vary greatly between manufacturers and species. A random length loading is presumed to contain a fair representation of the lengths being produced by a specific manufacturer.

Range :
Distance a boat can travel at cruising speed on a tank of fuel. Also, the distance to an object. Lastly, in intra coastal navigation, a set of two markers that, when lined up one behind the other, indicate the deepest part of the channel.

Range :
Distance a boat can travel at cruising speed on a tank of fuel. Also, the distance to an object. Lastly, in intra coastal navigation, a set of two markers that, when lined up one behind the other, indicate the deepest part of the channel.

Rank:
The classification of coal by degree of hardness, moisture and heat content.

Rank:
The classification of coal by degree of hardness, moisture and heat content.

Rare earth elements:
Scarce minerals such as scandium and ytrium.

Rare earth elements:
Scarce minerals such as scandium and ytrium.

Rate of growth:
The amount of tree growth each year expressed as the number of growth rings per inch.

Rate of growth:
The amount of tree growth each year expressed as the number of growth rings per inch.

Ration:
A 24-hour allotment of feed for an animal. A ration may be fed as a complete ration, or it may be made up of grazing plus a balancing supplement.

Ration:
A 24-hour allotment of feed for an animal. A ration may be fed as a complete ration, or it may be made up of grazing plus a balancing supplement.

Rays:
A ribbon-like aggregate of wood cells extending radially across the grain, radiating out from the pith to the bark.

Rays:
A ribbon-like aggregate of wood cells extending radially across the grain, radiating out from the pith to the bark.

Reach:
To sail across the wind. A point of sail between close-hauled and a run.

Reach:
To sail across the wind. A point of sail between close-hauled and a run.

Reaction wood:
Wood that forms in a tree in response to leaning.  Called Compression wood in softwoods, since it forms on he underside of the stem or limb.  In hardwoods it forms on the upper side and is called Tension wood.

Reaction wood:
Wood that forms in a tree in response to leaning.  Called Compression wood in softwoods, since it forms on he underside of the stem or limb.  In hardwoods it forms on the upper side and is called Tension wood.

Ready about:
Last warning given by a helmsman before tacking and turning the bow into the wind, notifying the crew that the boom and sail will cross the boat.

Ready about:
Last warning given by a helmsman before tacking and turning the bow into the wind, notifying the crew that the boom and sail will cross the boat.

Receiver:
Head of a scanner that monitors the infrared signals transmitted by the transmitter head.

Receiver:
Head of a scanner that monitors the infrared signals transmitted by the transmitter head.

Receiver:
Head of a scanner that monitors the infrared signals transmitted by the transmitter head.

Receiver:
Head of a scanner that monitors the infrared signals transmitted by the transmitter head.

Receiver:
Head of a scanner that monitors the infrared signals transmitted by the transmitter head.

Receiver box:
Part of a hitch that receives and holds the hitch bar or shank.

Receiver box:
Part of a hitch that receives and holds the hitch bar or shank.

Receiver hitch:
A hitch with a receiver from which a hitch bar or shank can be removed.

Receiver hitch:
A hitch with a receiver from which a hitch bar or shank can be removed.

Reciprocation:
Back-and-forth straight line motion or oscillation.

Reciprocation:
Back-and-forth straight line motion or oscillation.

Reciprocation:
Back-and-forth straight line motion or oscillation.

Reciprocation:
Back-and-forth straight line motion or oscillation.

Reciprocation:
Back-and-forth straight line motion or oscillation.

Reclamation:
The process of returning the land to another productive use or restoring the land to its approximate original appearance after mining has been completed.

Reclamation:
The process of returning the land to another productive use or restoring the land to its approximate original appearance after mining has been completed.

Recoverable heat:
Heat energy from combustion that is actually recovered to do useful work.

Recoverable heat:
Heat energy from combustion that is actually recovered to do useful work.

Recoverable heat:
Heat energy from combustion that is actually recovered to do useful work.

Recoverable heat:
Heat energy from combustion that is actually recovered to do useful work.

Recovery:
1.  Product recovery: An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be
     manufactured from a given input of raw material.
2.  Logging recovery: The volume or weight of logs that can be harvested from a given volume of
     standing timber.

Recovery:
1.  Product recovery: An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be
     manufactured from a given input of raw material.
2.  Logging recovery: The volume or weight of logs that can be harvested from a given volume of
     standing timber.

Recovery:
1.  Product recovery: An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be
     manufactured from a given input of raw material.
2.  Logging recovery: The volume or weight of logs that can be harvested from a given volume of
     standing timber.

Recovery:
1.  Product recovery: An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be
     manufactured from a given input of raw material.
2.  Logging recovery: The volume or weight of logs that can be harvested from a given volume of
     standing timber.

Recovery boiler:
A boiler that recovers process chemicals for re-use and creates process steam with the heat it generates.

Recovery boiler:
A boiler that recovers process chemicals for re-use and creates process steam with the heat it generates.

Recovery boiler:
A boiler that recovers process chemicals for re-use and creates process steam with the heat it generates.

Recovery boiler:
A boiler that recovers process chemicals for re-use and creates process steam with the heat it generates.

Recovery (product):
An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be manufactured from a given input of raw material.

Recovery (product):
An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be manufactured from a given input of raw material.

Recovery (product):
An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be manufactured from a given input of raw material.

Recyclable paper:
Paper capable of being recycled. Almost all paper is recyclable if sorted by paper type and if contaminants (such as plastic and food products) are removed. 

Recyclable paper:
Paper capable of being recycled. Almost all paper is recyclable if sorted by paper type and if contaminants (such as plastic and food products) are removed. 

Refining:
Extracting and purifying metals and minerals.

Refining:
Extracting and purifying metals and minerals.

Refractory lining:
A lining, usually of ceramic, capable of resisting and maintaining high temperatures.

Refractory lining:
A lining, usually of ceramic, capable of resisting and maintaining high temperatures.

Refractory ore:
Ore that resists the action of chemical reagents in the normal treatment processes.

Refractory ore:
Ore that resists the action of chemical reagents in the normal treatment processes.

Regenerative circuit:
A piping arrangement for a differential type cylinder in which discharge fluid from the rod end combines with pump delivery to be directed into the head end.

Regenerative circuit:
A piping arrangement for a differential type cylinder in which discharge fluid from the rod end combines with pump delivery to be directed into the head end.

Regenerative circuit:
A piping arrangement for a differential type cylinder in which discharge fluid from the rod end combines with pump delivery to be directed into the head end.

Regenerative circuit:
A piping arrangement for a differential type cylinder in which discharge fluid from the rod end combines with pump delivery to be directed into the head end.

Regenerative circuit:
A piping arrangement for a differential type cylinder in which discharge fluid from the rod end combines with pump delivery to be directed into the head end.

Relative Feed Value (RFV):
Is a way to compare the potential of two or more like forages for energy intake. RFV has no units.

Relative Feed Value (RFV):
Is a way to compare the potential of two or more like forages for energy intake. RFV has no units.

Relative humidity:
Ratio of the amount of water vapour present in the air to that which the air would hold at saturation at the same temperature.  It is usually considered on the basis of the weight of the vapour but, for accuracy, should be considered on the basis of vapour pressures.

Relative humidity:
Ratio of the amount of water vapour present in the air to that which the air would hold at saturation at the same temperature.  It is usually considered on the basis of the weight of the vapour but, for accuracy, should be considered on the basis of vapour pressures.

Relative humidity:
Ratio of the amount of water vapour present in the air to that which the air would hold at saturation at the same temperature.  It is usually considered on the basis of the weight of the vapour but, for accuracy, should be considered on the basis of vapour pressures.

Relative humidity:
Ratio of the amount of water vapour present in the air to that which the air would hold at saturation at the same temperature.  It is usually considered on the basis of the weight of the vapour but, for accuracy, should be considered on the basis of vapour pressures.

Relief:
Also known as Counterbore Depth. Refers to different shapes and depth configurations of the outlets of a pellet die hole. Types include: Straight/Standard, Tapered and Variable Relief.

Relief:
Also known as Counterbore Depth. Refers to different shapes and depth configurations of the outlets of a pellet die hole. Types include: Straight/Standard, Tapered and Variable Relief.

Relief valve:
A pressure operated valve which by-passes pump delivery to the reservoir, limiting system pressure to a predetermined maximum value.

Relief valve:
A pressure operated valve which by-passes pump delivery to the reservoir, limiting system pressure to a predetermined maximum value.

Relief valve:
A pressure operated valve which by-passes pump delivery to the reservoir, limiting system pressure to a predetermined maximum value.

Relief valve:
A pressure operated valve which by-passes pump delivery to the reservoir, limiting system pressure to a predetermined maximum value.

Relief valve:
A pressure operated valve which by-passes pump delivery to the reservoir, limiting system pressure to a predetermined maximum value.

Reman:
Abbreviation for remanufactured, used to describe boards that require further manufacturing.

Reman:
Abbreviation for remanufactured, used to describe boards that require further manufacturing.

Rendering:
The breaking down of animal tissues into constituent fat and protein elements, whether by the application of heat and pressure or otherwise.

Rendering:
The breaking down of animal tissues into constituent fat and protein elements, whether by the application of heat and pressure or otherwise.

Replenish:
To add fluid to maintain a full hydraulic system.

Replenish:
To add fluid to maintain a full hydraulic system.

Replenish:
To add fluid to maintain a full hydraulic system.

Replenish:
To add fluid to maintain a full hydraulic system.

Replenish:
To add fluid to maintain a full hydraulic system.

Resaw:
A machine to cut boards, planks, slabs, or other material length-wise into two or more pieces, usually of equal length and width.

Resaw:
A machine to cut boards, planks, slabs, or other material length-wise into two or more pieces, usually of equal length and width.

Resawing:
The process of sawing lumber in two lengthwise, parallel to the wide face. It is usually, though not always, done through the middle of the board, producing two equal sized boards, each approximately half the thickness of the original. Resawing changes the thickness of the lumber but not its width. Also see Ripping.

Resawing:
The process of sawing lumber in two lengthwise, parallel to the wide face. It is usually, though not always, done through the middle of the board, producing two equal sized boards, each approximately half the thickness of the original. Resawing changes the thickness of the lumber but not its width. Also see Ripping.

Reserve margin:
The amount by which the utility's total electric power capacity exceeds maximum electric demand.

Reserve margin:
The amount by which the utility's total electric power capacity exceeds maximum electric demand.

Residual fiber:
Leftover wood fiber from sawmills and plywood plants, and pulpwood derived from timber management activities.

Residual fiber:
Leftover wood fiber from sawmills and plywood plants, and pulpwood derived from timber management activities.

Residue:
1.  Logging residue: Unmerchantable tops, branches, and stumps of felled trees, and logs and
     standing trees that are too small or defective to be removed economically from the woods
     during a logging operation. 
2.  Mill residue: That portion of log input volume that remains after the primary product has been
     produced.

Residue:
1.  Logging residue: Unmerchantable tops, branches, and stumps of felled trees, and logs and
     standing trees that are too small or defective to be removed economically from the woods
     during a logging operation. 
2.  Mill residue: That portion of log input volume that remains after the primary product has been
     produced.

Residues (Biomass):
Byproducts from processing all forms of biomass that have significant energy potential. Because these residues are already collected at the point of processing, they can be convenient and relatively inexpensive sources of biomass for energy.

Residues (Biomass):
Byproducts from processing all forms of biomass that have significant energy potential. Because these residues are already collected at the point of processing, they can be convenient and relatively inexpensive sources of biomass for energy.

Resin:
An ingredient of coatings which acts as a binder and gives the coating physical properties such as hardness and durability.

Resin:
An ingredient of coatings which acts as a binder and gives the coating physical properties such as hardness and durability.

Resin:
An ingredient of coatings which acts as a binder and gives the coating physical properties such as hardness and durability.

Resin:
An ingredient of coatings which acts as a binder and gives the coating physical properties such as hardness and durability.

Resin:
An ingredient of coatings which acts as a binder and gives the coating physical properties such as hardness and durability.

Resistivity survey:
Geophysical survey technique used to measure the resistance of a rock formation to an electric current.

Resistivity survey:
Geophysical survey technique used to measure the resistance of a rock formation to an electric current.

Resolution:
The smallest unit used for taking measurements from a scanner or the encoder.

Resolution:
The smallest unit used for taking measurements from a scanner or the encoder.

Resolution:
The smallest unit used for taking measurements from a scanner or the encoder.

Resolution:
The smallest unit used for taking measurements from a scanner or the encoder.

Resolution:
The smallest unit used for taking measurements from a scanner or the encoder.

Resorcinol glue:
An adhesive made from resorcinol resin and formaldehyde.

Resorcinol glue:
An adhesive made from resorcinol resin and formaldehyde.

Restriction:
A reduced cross-sectional area in a line or passage which produces a pressure drop.

Restriction:
A reduced cross-sectional area in a line or passage which produces a pressure drop.

Restriction:
A reduced cross-sectional area in a line or passage which produces a pressure drop.

Restriction:
A reduced cross-sectional area in a line or passage which produces a pressure drop.

Restriction:
A reduced cross-sectional area in a line or passage which produces a pressure drop.

Retort:
Used to separate or vaporize off mercury from gold.

Retort:
Used to separate or vaporize off mercury from gold.

Return line:
A line used to carry exhaust fluid from the actuator back to sump.

Return line:
A line used to carry exhaust fluid from the actuator back to sump.

Return line:
A line used to carry exhaust fluid from the actuator back to sump.

Return line:
A line used to carry exhaust fluid from the actuator back to sump.

Return line:
A line used to carry exhaust fluid from the actuator back to sump.

Return on investment (ROI):
The interest rate at which the net present value of a project is zero. Multiple values are possible.

Return on investment (ROI):
The interest rate at which the net present value of a project is zero. Multiple values are possible.

Reverberatory furnace:
A long, flat furnace used to slag gangue minerals and produce a matte.

Reverberatory furnace:
A long, flat furnace used to slag gangue minerals and produce a matte.

Reverse casehardening:
A final stress-and-set condition in  dry lumber in which the outer fibers are under tensile stress and the inner fibers are under compressive stress.  This condition is not reversible.  See also Casehardening.

Reverse casehardening:
A final stress-and-set condition in  dry lumber in which the outer fibers are under tensile stress and the inner fibers are under compressive stress.  This condition is not reversible.  See also Casehardening.

Reverse chine :
A chine that angles downward from the hull designed to direct spray out and away from the boat.

Reverse chine :
A chine that angles downward from the hull designed to direct spray out and away from the boat.

Reversing valve:
A four-way directional valve used to reverse a double-acting cylinder or reversible motor.

Reversing valve:
A four-way directional valve used to reverse a double-acting cylinder or reversible motor.

Reversing valve:
A four-way directional valve used to reverse a double-acting cylinder or reversible motor.

Reversing valve:
A four-way directional valve used to reverse a double-acting cylinder or reversible motor.

Reversing valve:
A four-way directional valve used to reverse a double-acting cylinder or reversible motor.

RIB (rigid inflatable boat):
An inflatable boat fitted with a rigid bottom.

RIB (rigid inflatable boat):
An inflatable boat fitted with a rigid bottom.

Rigging:
Wire cables, rods, lines, hardware and other equipment that support and control the mast and spars.

Rigging:
Wire cables, rods, lines, hardware and other equipment that support and control the mast and spars.

Right-hand mill:
A sawmill in which the saw and carriage are on the right-hand side of a person standing on the log deck and facing the rear of the mill.

Right-hand mill:
A sawmill in which the saw and carriage are on the right-hand side of a person standing on the log deck and facing the rear of the mill.

Rim speed:
The speed of the saw blade at the extreme periphery when rotated.

Rim speed:
The speed of the saw blade at the extreme periphery when rotated.

Rip:
To cut a board lengthwise, parallel to the fibers.

Rip:
To cut a board lengthwise, parallel to the fibers.

Ripper:
Coal extraction machine that tears the coal from the face.

Ripper:
Coal extraction machine that tears the coal from the face.

Ripping:
Sawing or cutting with the grain as with a rip saw.  When ripping is done on a planer, it is usually called splitting.

Ripping:
Sawing or cutting with the grain as with a rip saw.  When ripping is done on a planer, it is usually called splitting.

Rip tooth:
The type of saw tooth adapted for cutting parallel to the fibers of wood.

Rip tooth:
The type of saw tooth adapted for cutting parallel to the fibers of wood.

Risers:
Small distribution ducts within a direct-fired dry kiln that distribute heated air between the tracks from an underground main distribution duct.

Risers:
Small distribution ducts within a direct-fired dry kiln that distribute heated air between the tracks from an underground main distribution duct.

Roast:
Heating an ore to drive off volatile substances or oxidize the ore.

Roast:
Heating an ore to drive off volatile substances or oxidize the ore.

Rockburst:
A sudden failure of walls or pillars in a mine, caused by the weight or pressure of the surrounding rocks.

Rockburst:
A sudden failure of walls or pillars in a mine, caused by the weight or pressure of the surrounding rocks.

Rock mechanics:
The study of the mechanical properties of rocks. Includes stress conditions around mine openings and the ability of rocks and underground structures to support these stresses.

Rock mechanics:
The study of the mechanical properties of rocks. Includes stress conditions around mine openings and the ability of rocks and underground structures to support these stresses.

Rode:
Line, chain, cable or any combination of these used to connect the anchor to the boat.

Rode:
Line, chain, cable or any combination of these used to connect the anchor to the boat.

Rod holder:
Device designed to safely and securely hold fishing rods either vertically or horizontally.

Rod holder:
Device designed to safely and securely hold fishing rods either vertically or horizontally.

Rod mill:
Rotating steel cylinder that uses steel rods as a means of grinding ore.

Rod mill:
Rotating steel cylinder that uses steel rods as a means of grinding ore.

Rolled-edge skiff:
A fishing boat designed to run in coastal waters constructed of a simple, one-piece fibreglass hull without a top deck and characterized by rounded top edges without true gunwales.

Rolled-edge skiff:
A fishing boat designed to run in coastal waters constructed of a simple, one-piece fibreglass hull without a top deck and characterized by rounded top edges without true gunwales.

Roller:
A cylindrical body movable about its longitudinal axis.

Roller:
A cylindrical body movable about its longitudinal axis.

Roller:
A cylindrical body movable about its longitudinal axis.

Roller:
A cylindrical body movable about its longitudinal axis.

Roller:
A cylindrical body movable about its longitudinal axis.

Roller trailer:
A trailer outfitted with rollers instead of bunks.

Roller trailer:
A trailer outfitted with rollers instead of bunks.

Room and pillar mining:
Underground coal mining method in which approximately half of the coal is left in place to support the roof of the active mining area

Room and pillar mining:
Underground coal mining method in which approximately half of the coal is left in place to support the roof of the active mining area

Rotary actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into rotary motion - a hydraulic motor.

Rotary actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into rotary motion - a hydraulic motor.

Rotary actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into rotary motion - a hydraulic motor.

Rotary actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into rotary motion - a hydraulic motor.

Rotary actuator:
A device for converting hydraulic energy into rotary motion - a hydraulic motor.

Rotary cut:
Manner of cutting veneer whereby a log is centered in large lathe. As the log revolves, the cutting knife moves toward the center and a continuous sheet of veneer is peeled from the log.

Rotary cut:
Manner of cutting veneer whereby a log is centered in large lathe. As the log revolves, the cutting knife moves toward the center and a continuous sheet of veneer is peeled from the log.

Rotary drill:
A machine that drills holes by rotating a rigid, tubular procession of drill rods to which is attached a bit.

Rotary drill:
A machine that drills holes by rotating a rigid, tubular procession of drill rods to which is attached a bit.

Rotation age:
The period of years required to establish and grow a timbercrop to a specified condition of maturity. The intended age of harvest of mature trees. Long rotations mostly affect those features that are desirable in lumber and in structural and non-structural products made largely of wood in solid form. Harvest age has less impact on the usefulness of wood for use in paper and fiber products and in products in which wood is reduced to small pieces prior to manufacture.

Rotation age:
The period of years required to establish and grow a timbercrop to a specified condition of maturity. The intended age of harvest of mature trees. Long rotations mostly affect those features that are desirable in lumber and in structural and non-structural products made largely of wood in solid form. Harvest age has less impact on the usefulness of wood for use in paper and fiber products and in products in which wood is reduced to small pieces prior to manufacture.

Roughage:
A misleading term that is often used to describe the fiber content of a diet leading to believe that its only purpose in a ration is to aid digestion.

Roughage:
A misleading term that is often used to describe the fiber content of a diet leading to believe that its only purpose in a ration is to aid digestion.

Round:
Planned pattern of drill holes fired in sequence in tunneling, shaft sinking, or stopping.

Round:
Planned pattern of drill holes fired in sequence in tunneling, shaft sinking, or stopping.

Round-faced hammer:
A type of hammer used to flatten the surface and put tension in circular saws.  It has a circular face with a convex plane, the curvature conforming to a radius of 4½ inches (114 mm).

Round-faced hammer:
A type of hammer used to flatten the surface and put tension in circular saws.  It has a circular face with a convex plane, the curvature conforming to a radius of 4½ inches (114 mm).

Roundup:
The irregularly shaped pieces of veneer that are initially produced when a debarked, irregularly shaped and tapered log engages a rotary lathe during manufacture of veneer.

Roundup:
The irregularly shaped pieces of veneer that are initially produced when a debarked, irregularly shaped and tapered log engages a rotary lathe during manufacture of veneer.

Roundwood:
Wood products that are round, such as pulpwood, posts, pilings, utility poles, and fencing materials.

Roundwood:
Wood products that are round, such as pulpwood, posts, pilings, utility poles, and fencing materials.

RPM:
Revolutions per minute.

RPM:
Revolutions per minute.

RPM:
Revolutions per minute.

RPM:
Revolutions per minute.

RPM:
Revolutions per minute.

RPM:
Revolutions per minute.

RTD:
A temperature measuring device that measures the change in electrical resistance to determine temperature (resistive thermal device).

RTD:
A temperature measuring device that measures the change in electrical resistance to determine temperature (resistive thermal device).

RTD:
A temperature measuring device that measures the change in electrical resistance to determine temperature (resistive thermal device).

RTD:
A temperature measuring device that measures the change in electrical resistance to determine temperature (resistive thermal device).

RTD:
A temperature measuring device that measures the change in electrical resistance to determine temperature (resistive thermal device).

Rubrail:
Protective outer bumper that runs around the boat at the point where the top deck meets the hull.

Rubrail:
Protective outer bumper that runs around the boat at the point where the top deck meets the hull.

Rudder:
Underwater fin mounted below the hull near the stern that controls boat steering.

Rudder:
Underwater fin mounted below the hull near the stern that controls boat steering.

Rumen:
The first compartment of four compartments of a ruminant animal’s stomach. The rumen serves as the primary site of food fermentation. Also referred to as the forestomach or paunch.

Rumen:
The first compartment of four compartments of a ruminant animal’s stomach. The rumen serves as the primary site of food fermentation. Also referred to as the forestomach or paunch.

Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP):
That portion of the consumed protein that is degraded or digested in the rumen by microbes to ammonia and amino acids. It may also be referred to as degradable intake protein (DIP).

Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP):
That portion of the consumed protein that is degraded or digested in the rumen by microbes to ammonia and amino acids. It may also be referred to as degradable intake protein (DIP).

Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP):
See By-pass Protein

Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP):
See By-pass Protein

Ruminant:
Animal that chews the cud (partly digested food) regurgitated from its rumen, and has a stomach of four compartments. Cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and elk are ruminants.

Ruminant:
Animal that chews the cud (partly digested food) regurgitated from its rumen, and has a stomach of four compartments. Cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and elk are ruminants.

Runabout:
A kind of small, lightweight, freshwater pleasure craft intended for day use.

Runabout:
A kind of small, lightweight, freshwater pleasure craft intended for day use.

Rung:
An element of the PLC ladder logic program.  Each rung looks at input signals and turns output signals on or off.  The program runs by scanning the ladder logic, testing the input points and the instructions on each rung, and turning the output points on or off.

Rung:
An element of the PLC ladder logic program.  Each rung looks at input signals and turns output signals on or off.  The program runs by scanning the ladder logic, testing the input points and the instructions on each rung, and turning the output points on or off.

Rung:
An element of the PLC ladder logic program.  Each rung looks at input signals and turns output signals on or off.  The program runs by scanning the ladder logic, testing the input points and the instructions on each rung, and turning the output points on or off.

Rung:
An element of the PLC ladder logic program.  Each rung looks at input signals and turns output signals on or off.  The program runs by scanning the ladder logic, testing the input points and the instructions on each rung, and turning the output points on or off.

Rung:
An element of the PLC ladder logic program.  Each rung looks at input signals and turns output signals on or off.  The program runs by scanning the ladder logic, testing the input points and the instructions on each rung, and turning the output points on or off.

Running:
Point of sailing with the wind astern.

Running lights:
Required navigation lights that a vessel uses at night to indicate position and status.

Running lights:
Required navigation lights that a vessel uses at night to indicate position and status.

Running rigging:
Lines used in the setting and trimming of sails.

Running rigging:
Lines used in the setting and trimming of sails.

Run of mine (ROM):
Material from a mine that has not been crushed or screened.

Run of mine (ROM):
Material from a mine that has not been crushed or screened.

Run of quarry (ROQ):
Material from a quarry that has not been crushed or screened.

Run of quarry (ROQ):
Material from a quarry that has not been crushed or screened.

Runout:
Deviation from flatness of circular saw near periphery when rotated.

Runout:
Deviation from flatness of circular saw near periphery when rotated.

Rye:
A grain crop used for bread flour and for animal feed.

Rye:
A grain crop used for bread flour and for animal feed.

S1S2E:
Surfaced one side and two edges.

S1S2E:
Surfaced one side and two edges.

S4S:
Surfaced four sides.

S4S:
Surfaced four sides.

Safety chains:
Legally mandated chains that connect the trailer to the tow vehicle as a safety measure in case the coupler detaches.

Safety chains:
Legally mandated chains that connect the trailer to the tow vehicle as a safety measure in case the coupler detaches.

Safety harness:
A harness worn by a boater attached to the boat with a tether to reduce the chances of going overboard.

Safety harness:
A harness worn by a boater attached to the boat with a tether to reduce the chances of going overboard.

Sag:
To slide or drift off course.

Sag:
To slide or drift off course.

Sailboat:
A boat that is at least partially propelled by capturing the force of wind in sails.

Sailboat:
A boat that is at least partially propelled by capturing the force of wind in sails.

Sail plan:
Arrangement of sails on a boat.

Sail plan:
Arrangement of sails on a boat.

Salon :
Full-sized, well-appointed cabin on the main deck level of a motor yacht, convertible or mega yacht used for entertaining.

Salon :
Full-sized, well-appointed cabin on the main deck level of a motor yacht, convertible or mega yacht used for entertaining.

Salting:
The act of introducing metals or minerals into a deposit or samples, resulting in false assays. This can be done with the intent of defrauding the public or by accident.

Salting:
The act of introducing metals or minerals into a deposit or samples, resulting in false assays. This can be done with the intent of defrauding the public or by accident.

Saltwater fishing boat:
Any fishing boat used in the ocean or coastal waters that's specially equipped to handle the harsh saltwater environment.

Saltwater fishing boat:
Any fishing boat used in the ocean or coastal waters that's specially equipped to handle the harsh saltwater environment.

Sample:
A small portion of rock or a mineral deposit, taken so that the metal content can be determined by assaying.

Sample:
A small portion of rock or a mineral deposit, taken so that the metal content can be determined by assaying.

Sap:
The watery fluid that circulates through a tree carrying the chemical food that enables the tree to grow; rich in minerals and nutrients.

Sap:
The watery fluid that circulates through a tree carrying the chemical food that enables the tree to grow; rich in minerals and nutrients.

Sapling:
A young tree of small diameter, typically 2 to 5 inches at dbh.

Sapling:
A young tree of small diameter, typically 2 to 5 inches at dbh.

Sap stain:
A discoloration of sapwood, caused by certain molds and fungi, that is not accompanied by softening or other disintegration of the wood.

Sap stain:
A discoloration of sapwood, caused by certain molds and fungi, that is not accompanied by softening or other disintegration of the wood.

Sapwood:
The outer layers of a tree stem that contain living cells.  The sapwood is distinctly lighter in Southern Pine than the heartwood it encloses.

Sapwood:
The outer layers of a tree stem that contain living cells.  The sapwood is distinctly lighter in Southern Pine than the heartwood it encloses.

Sash gang:
A frame saw in which one or several straight blades are clamped in a reciprocating frame.

Sash gang:
A frame saw in which one or several straight blades are clamped in a reciprocating frame.

Saturated steam:
Steam at boiling temperature for a given pressure.

Saturated steam:
Steam at boiling temperature for a given pressure.

Sawdust expansion factor:
The amount to allow for sawdust to expand from its solid wood form after being sawn.  This also allow for the air space between sawdust particles in the gullet.

Sawdust expansion factor:
The amount to allow for sawdust to expand from its solid wood form after being sawn.  This also allow for the air space between sawdust particles in the gullet.

Saw eye:
The hole in the centre of a circular saw blade so it can be fitted on the arbor.

Saw eye:
The hole in the centre of a circular saw blade so it can be fitted on the arbor.

Sawing deviation:
The deviation from target sawn sizes caused by the saws.

Sawing deviation:
The deviation from target sawn sizes caused by the saws.

Saw kerf:
The width of the saw tooth at its outermost widest point.

Saw kerf:
The width of the saw tooth at its outermost widest point.

Saw log:
A log suitable in size and grade for producing sawn lumber.

Saw log:
A log suitable in size and grade for producing sawn lumber.

Sawn timber:
Timber finished to size with a saw.

Sawn timber:
Timber finished to size with a saw.

Scaler:
The person who measures the diameter and length of the logs determines specie and grade, and makes deductions for footage calculations.

Scaler:
The person who measures the diameter and length of the logs determines specie and grade, and makes deductions for footage calculations.

Scaling (lumber or logs):
Logs are measured (or scaled) for the purpose of estimating the amount of lumber that can be obtained. Once logs have been processed into lumber it is again necessary to quantify volumes produced. The process of measuring lumber is called lumber scaling. The volume lumber yielded from a log may be greater than the estimated volume of lumber. Also see Yield.

Scaling (lumber or logs):
Logs are measured (or scaled) for the purpose of estimating the amount of lumber that can be obtained. Once logs have been processed into lumber it is again necessary to quantify volumes produced. The process of measuring lumber is called lumber scaling. The volume lumber yielded from a log may be greater than the estimated volume of lumber. Also see Yield.

Scallop depth:
The depth of the arc created by the planer head on the finished surface of lumber.

Scallop depth:
The depth of the arc created by the planer head on the finished surface of lumber.

Scanner:
Generally an optical or laser/camera measuring device.  Scanners are composed of a transmitter head and a receiver head, which permit electronics system to obtain the shape and the dimensions an object.

Scanner:
Generally an optical or laser/camera measuring device.  Scanners are composed of a transmitter head and a receiver head, which permit electronics system to obtain the shape and the dimensions an object.

Scanner:
Generally an optical or laser/camera measuring device.  Scanners are composed of a transmitter head and a receiver head, which permit electronics system to obtain the shape and the dimensions an object.

Scanner:
Generally an optical or laser/camera measuring device.  Scanners are composed of a transmitter head and a receiver head, which permit electronics system to obtain the shape and the dimensions an object.

Scanner:
Generally an optical or laser/camera measuring device.  Scanners are composed of a transmitter head and a receiver head, which permit electronics system to obtain the shape and the dimensions an object.

Schedule:
The "recipe" for drying lumber, which dictates wetbulb and drybulb setpoints throughout the drying cycle.

Schedule:
The "recipe" for drying lumber, which dictates wetbulb and drybulb setpoints throughout the drying cycle.

Schoolmarm:
A tree stem that branches into two or more trunks or tops.

Schoolmarm:
A tree stem that branches into two or more trunks or tops.

Schooner:
A large sailboat with two or more masts where the foremast is shorter than aft mainmast.

Schooner:
A large sailboat with two or more masts where the foremast is shorter than aft mainmast.

Scintillation counter:
An instrument used to detect and measure radioactivity. More sensitive than a geiger counter. Certain minerals emanate radioactivity.

Scintillation counter:
An instrument used to detect and measure radioactivity. More sensitive than a geiger counter. Certain minerals emanate radioactivity.

Scope:
The ratio of anchor rode to vertical depth.

Scope:
The ratio of anchor rode to vertical depth.

Scragg mill:
A special high-speed sawmill designed to saw small diameter logs. A scrag mill typically has two circle saws arranged in parallel which remove two slabs with one pass of the log producing a two-sided cant.

Scragg mill:
A special high-speed sawmill designed to saw small diameter logs. A scrag mill typically has two circle saws arranged in parallel which remove two slabs with one pass of the log producing a two-sided cant.

Screening equipment:
The sifter (also referred to as sieves, screens and screeners) is a separator, usually oscillating, with a number of screens. It is used to separate crumbles or granules by particle size depending on the size of hole used in the screens.

Screening equipment:
The sifter (also referred to as sieves, screens and screeners) is a separator, usually oscillating, with a number of screens. It is used to separate crumbles or granules by particle size depending on the size of hole used in the screens.

Screening equipment:
The sifter (also referred to as sieves, screens and screeners) is a separator, usually oscillating, with a number of screens. It is used to separate crumbles or granules by particle size depending on the size of hole used in the screens.

Scribner, East-side:
Reference to the method of applying the Scribner Log Rule and obtaining log measurements, other than in western Oregon and western Washington.

Scribner, East-side:
Reference to the method of applying the Scribner Log Rule and obtaining log measurements, other than in western Oregon and western Washington.

Scribner Log Rule:
The Scribner Log Rule, developed around 1846, is a good example of a diagram rule. It was created by drawing the cross-sections of 1-inch boards within circles representing the end view of logs. A space of 1/4 inch was left between the boards to account for saw kerf. The Scribner Rule does not have an allowance for log taper and typically underestimates logs, particularly if the log length is long. The Scribner Decimal C is a different form of the Scribner Rule; it rounds the volumes to the nearest 10 board feet. For example, 392 board feet on the Scribner is equivalent to 390 board feet on the Scribner Decimal C scale.

Scribner Log Rule:
The Scribner Log Rule, developed around 1846, is a good example of a diagram rule. It was created by drawing the cross-sections of 1-inch boards within circles representing the end view of logs. A space of 1/4 inch was left between the boards to account for saw kerf. The Scribner Rule does not have an allowance for log taper and typically underestimates logs, particularly if the log length is long. The Scribner Decimal C is a different form of the Scribner Rule; it rounds the volumes to the nearest 10 board feet. For example, 392 board feet on the Scribner is equivalent to 390 board feet on the Scribner Decimal C scale.

Scribner, West-side:
A term commonly used to refer to the method for applying Scribner Log Scale and taking measurements in western Oregon and western Washington.

Scribner, West-side:
A term commonly used to refer to the method for applying Scribner Log Scale and taking measurements in western Oregon and western Washington.

Scud:
To run before the wind in bad weather.

Scud:
To run before the wind in bad weather.

Scuppers:
Gravity fed drain in a boat to allow water to drain out and overboard.

Scuppers:
Gravity fed drain in a boat to allow water to drain out and overboard.

Scuttle:
To cut holes or open ports to purposely let water in to make a boat sink.

Scuttle:
To cut holes or open ports to purposely let water in to make a boat sink.

Scuttlebutt:
Gossip. So named after a water cask around which sailors used to gather and drink.

Scuttlebutt:
Gossip. So named after a water cask around which sailors used to gather and drink.

Sea anchor:
A canvas, cone-shaped device deployed to keep the bow headed into the wind to help safely ride out a storm. Also called a drogue.

Sea anchor:
A canvas, cone-shaped device deployed to keep the bow headed into the wind to help safely ride out a storm. Also called a drogue.

Sea cock:
Through-hull fitting with a valve between the interior and the exterior of the boat.

Sea cock:
Through-hull fitting with a valve between the interior and the exterior of the boat.

Seasoned timber:
Timber that has been dried so that the maximum moisture content anywhere in the piece does not exceed 15%.

Seasoned timber:
Timber that has been dried so that the maximum moisture content anywhere in the piece does not exceed 15%.

Seasoning:
Drying timber to a moisture content appropriate to the conditions and purposes for which it is to be used.

Seasoning:
Drying timber to a moisture content appropriate to the conditions and purposes for which it is to be used.

Seaworthy:
Ability to handle rough weather. Also called sea-kindly.

Seaworthy:
Ability to handle rough weather. Also called sea-kindly.

Secondary deposit:
Ore minerals deposited as a result of alteration or weathering of a primary deposit.

Secondary deposit:
Ore minerals deposited as a result of alteration or weathering of a primary deposit.

Sedan cruiser:
A type of large boat equipped with a salon and a raised helm or bridge.

Sedan cruiser:
A type of large boat equipped with a salon and a raised helm or bridge.

Sedimentary:
Formed by the deposition of eroded material and laid down by rivers and streams.

Sedimentary:
Formed by the deposition of eroded material and laid down by rivers and streams.

Seed:
The reproductive portion of a plant.

Seed:
The reproductive portion of a plant.

Seismic prospecting:
Geophysical method of prospecting using the known speed of reflected sound waves in rock.

Seismic prospecting:
Geophysical method of prospecting using the known speed of reflected sound waves in rock.

Selective availability :
Intentional degradation of GPS signal used for position fixing by the U.S. Department of Defence for purposes of national security. With selective availability turned on, positions can be fixed to about 300 meters. With selective availability turned off, positions can be fixed to about 100 meters

Selective availability :
Intentional degradation of GPS signal used for position fixing by the U.S. Department of Defence for purposes of national security. With selective availability turned on, positions can be fixed to about 300 meters. With selective availability turned off, positions can be fixed to about 100 meters

Selective mining:
Mining with the goal to obtain a relatively high-grade mine product. Often results in higher exploration and development costs.

Selective mining:
Mining with the goal to obtain a relatively high-grade mine product. Often results in higher exploration and development costs.

Select structural:
The highest grade of structural joists and planks. This grade is applied to lumber of high quality in terms of appearance, strength, and stiffness.

Select structural:
The highest grade of structural joists and planks. This grade is applied to lumber of high quality in terms of appearance, strength, and stiffness.

Select tight knot (STK):
A grade term frequently used for cedar lumber. Lumber designated STK is selected from mill run for the tight knots in each piece, as differentiated from lumber which may contain loose knots or knotholes.

Select tight knot (STK):
A grade term frequently used for cedar lumber. Lumber designated STK is selected from mill run for the tight knots in each piece, as differentiated from lumber which may contain loose knots or knotholes.

Self-bailing:
Drains water overboard automatically.

Self-bailing:
Drains water overboard automatically.

Semi-autogenous grinding:
Semi-autogenous grinding involves the use of coarse ore particles and an additional charge of steel balls as media. The predominant grinding mechanism is attrition and impact.

Semi-autogenous grinding:
Semi-autogenous grinding involves the use of coarse ore particles and an additional charge of steel balls as media. The predominant grinding mechanism is attrition and impact.

Semichemical pulp:
Pulp obtained by mild treatment of wood chips by any of the chemical pulping processes, which remove only part of the lignin from the wood chips, followed by mechanical treatment to complete the separation of individual cellulose fibers.

Semichemical pulp:
Pulp obtained by mild treatment of wood chips by any of the chemical pulping processes, which remove only part of the lignin from the wood chips, followed by mechanical treatment to complete the separation of individual cellulose fibers.

Semi-displacement hull:
A hull shape with soft chines or a rounded bottom that enables the boat to achieve minimal planing characteristics.

Semi-displacement hull:
A hull shape with soft chines or a rounded bottom that enables the boat to achieve minimal planing characteristics.

Sequence:
The order of a series of operations or movements.

Sequence:
The order of a series of operations or movements.

Sequence:
The order of a series of operations or movements.

Sequence:
The order of a series of operations or movements.

Sequence:
The order of a series of operations or movements.

Sequencing valve:
A pressure operated valve which, at its setting, diverts flow to a secondary line while holding a predetermined minimum pressure in the primary line.

Sequencing valve:
A pressure operated valve which, at its setting, diverts flow to a secondary line while holding a predetermined minimum pressure in the primary line.

Sequencing valve:
A pressure operated valve which, at its setting, diverts flow to a secondary line while holding a predetermined minimum pressure in the primary line.

Sequencing valve:
A pressure operated valve which, at its setting, diverts flow to a secondary line while holding a predetermined minimum pressure in the primary line.

Sequencing valve:
A pressure operated valve which, at its setting, diverts flow to a secondary line while holding a predetermined minimum pressure in the primary line.

Servo mechanism (servo):
A mechanism subjected to the action of a controlling device which will operate as if it were directly actuated by the controlling device, but capable of supplying power output many times that of the controlling device, this power being derived from an external and independent source.

Servo mechanism (servo):
A mechanism subjected to the action of a controlling device which will operate as if it were directly actuated by the controlling device, but capable of supplying power output many times that of the controlling device, this power being derived from an external and independent source.

Servo mechanism (servo):
A mechanism subjected to the action of a controlling device which will operate as if it were directly actuated by the controlling device, but capable of supplying power output many times that of the controlling device, this power being derived from an external and independent source.

Servo mechanism (servo):
A mechanism subjected to the action of a controlling device which will operate as if it were directly actuated by the controlling device, but capable of supplying power output many times that of the controlling device, this power being derived from an external and independent source.

Servo mechanism (servo):
A mechanism subjected to the action of a controlling device which will operate as if it were directly actuated by the controlling device, but capable of supplying power output many times that of the controlling device, this power being derived from an external and independent source.

Servo valve:
Electro-mechanical device used to control a setworks hydraulic cylinder.  An electrical signal is sent to the servo valve which opens, allowing hydraulic fluid to flow into the cylinder.  The voltage level and direction of the electrical signal determine the speed and direction of the setworks movement.

Servo valve:
Electro-mechanical device used to control a setworks hydraulic cylinder.  An electrical signal is sent to the servo valve which opens, allowing hydraulic fluid to flow into the cylinder.  The voltage level and direction of the electrical signal determine the speed and direction of the setworks movement.

Servo valve:
Electro-mechanical device used to control a setworks hydraulic cylinder.  An electrical signal is sent to the servo valve which opens, allowing hydraulic fluid to flow into the cylinder.  The voltage level and direction of the electrical signal determine the speed and direction of the setworks movement.

Servo valve:
Electro-mechanical device used to control a setworks hydraulic cylinder.  An electrical signal is sent to the servo valve which opens, allowing hydraulic fluid to flow into the cylinder.  The voltage level and direction of the electrical signal determine the speed and direction of the setworks movement.

Servo valve:
Electro-mechanical device used to control a setworks hydraulic cylinder.  An electrical signal is sent to the servo valve which opens, allowing hydraulic fluid to flow into the cylinder.  The voltage level and direction of the electrical signal determine the speed and direction of the setworks movement.

Set complete:
The actual position of a setworks is within a certain distance of the command position to which it was sent.

Set complete:
The actual position of a setworks is within a certain distance of the command position to which it was sent.

Set complete:
The actual position of a setworks is within a certain distance of the command position to which it was sent.

Set complete:
The actual position of a setworks is within a certain distance of the command position to which it was sent.

Set complete:
The actual position of a setworks is within a certain distance of the command position to which it was sent.

Set complete range:
The maximum distance allowed between the actual position of a setworks and the position to which the setworks was sent.  When the setworks position is in this range, the setworks is at set complete.

Set complete range:
The maximum distance allowed between the actual position of a setworks and the position to which the setworks was sent.  When the setworks position is in this range, the setworks is at set complete.

Set complete range:
The maximum distance allowed between the actual position of a setworks and the position to which the setworks was sent.  When the setworks position is in this range, the setworks is at set complete.

Set complete range:
The maximum distance allowed between the actual position of a setworks and the position to which the setworks was sent.  When the setworks position is in this range, the setworks is at set complete.

Set complete range:
The maximum distance allowed between the actual position of a setworks and the position to which the setworks was sent.  When the setworks position is in this range, the setworks is at set complete.

Sfpm:
Surface feet per minute of a saw.

Sfpm:
Surface feet per minute of a saw.

SG:
Specific gravity.  Also called relative density.  As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).

SG:
Specific gravity.  Also called relative density.  As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).

SG:
Specific gravity.  Also called relative density.  As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).

Shaft horsepower:
A measure of the actual mechanical energy per unit time delivered to a turning shaft.

Shaft horsepower:
A measure of the actual mechanical energy per unit time delivered to a turning shaft.

Shake:
1.  A separation along the grain, the greater part of which may occur at the common boundary of
     two rings or within a growth ring. It is usually considered to have occurred in the standing tree
     or during felling.
2.  A western red cedar roofing and sidewall product made by splitting blocks of cedar, as
     opposed to shingles which are manufactured by sawing.

Shake:
1.  A separation along the grain, the greater part of which may occur at the common boundary of
     two rings or within a growth ring. It is usually considered to have occurred in the standing tree
     or during felling.
2.  A western red cedar roofing and sidewall product made by splitting blocks of cedar, as
     opposed to shingles which are manufactured by sawing.

Shale:
Rock with a laminated structure formed from clay, mud, or silt. Composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition.

Shale:
Rock with a laminated structure formed from clay, mud, or silt. Composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition.

Shank:
A device for locking inserted teeth in a circular saw.

Shank:
A device for locking inserted teeth in a circular saw.

Shaper:
An implement, consisting of dies and levers, which is used to compress saw teeth to a prescribed pattern.

Shaper:
An implement, consisting of dies and levers, which is used to compress saw teeth to a prescribed pattern.

Shape Sawing:
Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant.  Also referred to as curve sawing or sweep sawing.  Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve.

Shape Sawing:
Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant.  Also referred to as curve sawing or sweep sawing.  Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve.

Shaving:
A small wood particle of indefinite dimensions developed in the planing process.  This cutting action produces a thin chip of varying thickness, usually feathered along at least one edge and thick at another and generally curled.

Shaving:
A small wood particle of indefinite dimensions developed in the planing process.  This cutting action produces a thin chip of varying thickness, usually feathered along at least one edge and thick at another and generally curled.

Shear:
A mechanical cutting head, attached to a harvester, which severs the tree from the stump with a scissors-like action.

Shear:
A mechanical cutting head, attached to a harvester, which severs the tree from the stump with a scissors-like action.

Shearer:
Equipment used in longwall mining. It uses a rotating action to "shear" the material from the face as it progresses.

Shearer:
Equipment used in longwall mining. It uses a rotating action to "shear" the material from the face as it progresses.

Shear firewood processor:
Equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Uses a shearing action to shear the logs into blocks.

Shear firewood processor:
Equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Uses a shearing action to shear the logs into blocks.

Sheathing:
The structural covering, usually of boards, building fiberboards, or plywood, placed over exterior studding or rafters of a structure.

Sheathing:
The structural covering, usually of boards, building fiberboards, or plywood, placed over exterior studding or rafters of a structure.

Sheave:
The grooved wheel of a pulley.

Sheave:
The grooved wheel of a pulley.

Sheave:
The grooved wheel of a pulley.

Sheave:
The grooved wheel of a pulley.

Sheaves:
Pulleys mounted on the end of the drive and motor shaft over which belts pass to transfer rotational force from the motor to the shaft.

Sheaves:
Pulleys mounted on the end of the drive and motor shaft over which belts pass to transfer rotational force from the motor to the shaft.

Sheaves:
Pulleys mounted on the end of the drive and motor shaft over which belts pass to transfer rotational force from the motor to the shaft.

Sheaves:
Pulleys mounted on the end of the drive and motor shaft over which belts pass to transfer rotational force from the motor to the shaft.

Sheave wheel:
A large grooved wheel in the top of a headframe over which the hoisting rope passes.

Sheave wheel:
A large grooved wheel in the top of a headframe over which the hoisting rope passes.

Sheer:
Line of the deck or gunwale from bow to stern as viewed from outside the boat.

Sheer:
Line of the deck or gunwale from bow to stern as viewed from outside the boat.

Sheet:
Line used to trim a sail.

Sheet:
Line used to trim a sail.

Shieve:
Common term for a pulley.

Shieve:
Common term for a pulley.

Shim:
A thin piece or strip of metal used to fill in, as in leveling.

Shim:
A thin piece or strip of metal used to fill in, as in leveling.

Shim:
A thin piece or strip of metal used to fill in, as in leveling.

Shim:
A thin piece or strip of metal used to fill in, as in leveling.

Shim:
A thin piece or strip of metal used to fill in, as in leveling.

Shingles:
Thin, rectangular pieces of wood, sawn along the grain and tapering in thickness, used like tiles for roofing and weatherboarding.

Shingles:
Thin, rectangular pieces of wood, sawn along the grain and tapering in thickness, used like tiles for roofing and weatherboarding.

Shiplap:
Lumber that has been worked to make a rabbeted joint on each edge so that pieces may be fitted together snugly for increased strength and stability.

Shiplap:
Lumber that has been worked to make a rabbeted joint on each edge so that pieces may be fitted together snugly for increased strength and stability.

Shipping dry:
Having a moisture content (oven-dry basis) of 14 to 20%.  Results in reduced shipping weight and less susceptibility to decay.

Shipping dry:
Having a moisture content (oven-dry basis) of 14 to 20%.  Results in reduced shipping weight and less susceptibility to decay.

Short rotation intensive culture (SRIC):
The growing of tree crops for bioenergy or fiber, characterized by detailed site preparation, usually less than 10 years between harvests, usually fast-growing hybrid trees and intensive management.

Short rotation intensive culture (SRIC):
The growing of tree crops for bioenergy or fiber, characterized by detailed site preparation, usually less than 10 years between harvests, usually fast-growing hybrid trees and intensive management.

Short ton:
2,000 pounds or 0.9072 tonnes.

Short ton:
2,000 pounds or 0.9072 tonnes.

Short ton:
2,000 pounds or 0.9072 tonnes.

Short ton:
2,000 pounds or 0.9072 tonnes.

Short ton:
2,000 pounds or 0.9072 tonnes.

Shortwall mining:
Underground mining method where small areas are worked by a continuous miner.

Shortwall mining:
Underground mining method where small areas are worked by a continuous miner.

Shortwood:
Pulpwood less than 10 feet long.

Shortwood:
Pulpwood less than 10 feet long.

Shrimp Meal:
The ground and dried waste from processing of shrimp. Contains parts and/or whole shrimp that are not suitable for human consumption.  Used as an animal or aquafeed ingredient.

Shrimp Meal:
The ground and dried waste from processing of shrimp. Contains parts and/or whole shrimp that are not suitable for human consumption.  Used as an animal or aquafeed ingredient.

Shrinkage:
The contraction of wood to water loss below fiber saturation point.  Expressed as a percentage of the green dimension.

Shrinkage:
The contraction of wood to water loss below fiber saturation point.  Expressed as a percentage of the green dimension.

Shroud:
Mast support rigging, usually a wire, that runs from the mast to the side of the boat.

Shroud:
Mast support rigging, usually a wire, that runs from the mast to the side of the boat.

Side clearance:
The distance that the side of the saw tooth projects beyond the body of the saw.

Side clearance:
The distance that the side of the saw tooth projects beyond the body of the saw.

Side console:
A dash-panel unit affixed to the side of a boat. If only one, helm controls are affixed to it.

Side console:
A dash-panel unit affixed to the side of a boat. If only one, helm controls are affixed to it.

Side dressing:
The act of adjusting all saw teeth on a saw to project laterally the same distance from the plate.

Side dressing:
The act of adjusting all saw teeth on a saw to project laterally the same distance from the plate.

Side gauge:
A measuring device to indicate the amount of lateral (sidewise) projection of saw teeth beyond the surface of the saw.

Side gauge:
A measuring device to indicate the amount of lateral (sidewise) projection of saw teeth beyond the surface of the saw.

Siding:
The finish covering of the outside wall of a frame building, whether made of horizontal weatherboards, vertical boards with battens, shingles, or other material.

Siding:
The finish covering of the outside wall of a frame building, whether made of horizontal weatherboards, vertical boards with battens, shingles, or other material.

Signal:
A control impulse from a control device or sensor.

Signal:
A control impulse from a control device or sensor.

Signal:
A control impulse from a control device or sensor.

Signal:
A control impulse from a control device or sensor.

Signal:
A control impulse from a control device or sensor.

Silage:
Grass that has been preserved by pickling rather than drying.

Silage:
Grass that has been preserved by pickling rather than drying.

Silo:
A storage building or pit in which green hay or high-moisture grains are fermented and stored as animal feed.

Silo:
A storage building or pit in which green hay or high-moisture grains are fermented and stored as animal feed.

Silviculture:
The process of growing and tending forests using both natural and enhanced methods.

Silviculture:
The process of growing and tending forests using both natural and enhanced methods.

Single jack:
A light hammer used for drilling holes by hand.

Single jack:
A light hammer used for drilling holes by hand.

Sinter:
Fine particles of iron ore that have been treated by heat to produce blast furnace feed.

Sinter:
Fine particles of iron ore that have been treated by heat to produce blast furnace feed.

Skeg:
A fin or vertical projection below the hull that provides directional stability. Also, a fin-like projection at the bottom of an outboard.

Skeg:
A fin or vertical projection below the hull that provides directional stability. Also, a fin-like projection at the bottom of an outboard.

Skidder:
A wheeled or tracked vehicle used for sliding/dragging logs from the stump to the landing.

Skidder:
A wheeled or tracked vehicle used for sliding/dragging logs from the stump to the landing.

Skiff:
A small, simple, shallow-draft boat.

Skiff:
A small, simple, shallow-draft boat.

Skiing / wakeboarding boat:
Low profile, pleasure boats with minimal deadrise specifically designed for waterskiing and/or wakeboarding. These boats are usually characterized by an inboard engine and a towing pylon. Wakeboard boats are often equipped with a tower or extremely tall pylon to fasten the tow line in a manner to aid vertical jumping and water-ballast devices to increase the weight of the boat.

Skiing / wakeboarding boat:
Low profile, pleasure boats with minimal deadrise specifically designed for waterskiing and/or wakeboarding. These boats are usually characterized by an inboard engine and a towing pylon. Wakeboard boats are often equipped with a tower or extremely tall pylon to fasten the tow line in a manner to aid vertical jumping and water-ballast devices to increase the weight of the boat.

Skyline:
A cableway stretched tautly between two points and used as a track for a block or carriage.

Skyline:
A cableway stretched tautly between two points and used as a track for a block or carriage.

Slab:
The exterior portion of a log removed in sawing lumber.

Slab:
The exterior portion of a log removed in sawing lumber.

Slag:
The vitreous mass separated from the fused metals in the smelting process.

Slag:
The vitreous mass separated from the fused metals in the smelting process.

Slash:
Tree tops, branches, bark, and other debris left after a forest operation.

Slash:
Tree tops, branches, bark, and other debris left after a forest operation.

Sliced:
This is the method by which most of the find face of veneers are cut. Flat cut and quartered veneers are cut on the slicer as are crotch blocks. The log is first sawn into flitches (sometimes called cants), and this is most commonly a quarter section or half section of a log. It may be trimmed to a many-sided section, but two parallel sides are necessary, one to be held against the surface of the flitch table on the slicer, which clamps the flitch and moves up and down by an electric drive in a slightly shearing motion. The slicer knife, on another section of the machine is fed toward the flitch table slowly, in increments depending on thickness of veneer being cut. In contrast t the feed on the veneer lathe, which moves the knife steadily into the log in rotary cutting, the slicer knife is moved toward the flitch the full amount of the thickness of veneer with each stroke.

Sliced:
This is the method by which most of the find face of veneers are cut. Flat cut and quartered veneers are cut on the slicer as are crotch blocks. The log is first sawn into flitches (sometimes called cants), and this is most commonly a quarter section or half section of a log. It may be trimmed to a many-sided section, but two parallel sides are necessary, one to be held against the surface of the flitch table on the slicer, which clamps the flitch and moves up and down by an electric drive in a slightly shearing motion. The slicer knife, on another section of the machine is fed toward the flitch table slowly, in increments depending on thickness of veneer being cut. In contrast t the feed on the veneer lathe, which moves the knife steadily into the log in rotary cutting, the slicer knife is moved toward the flitch the full amount of the thickness of veneer with each stroke.

Slip:
A boat berth between two piers or floats. Also, the slight loss of efficient power delivery as a propeller spins in the water.

Slip:
A boat berth between two piers or floats. Also, the slight loss of efficient power delivery as a propeller spins in the water.

Sloop:
A single-masted sailboat in which the mast is set forward of midships.

Sloop:
A single-masted sailboat in which the mast is set forward of midships.

Slope of grain:
The angle between the direction of the grain and the axis of a piece of lumber, expressed as a ratio.

Slope of grain:
The angle between the direction of the grain and the axis of a piece of lumber, expressed as a ratio.

Sludge:
Solid material separated from liquid pulp mill effluent during treatment.

Sludge:
Solid material separated from liquid pulp mill effluent during treatment.

Smelter:
A facility where metal is separated by fusion (melting) from those impurities with which it may be chemically combined or physically mixed, such as in ore.

Smelter:
A facility where metal is separated by fusion (melting) from those impurities with which it may be chemically combined or physically mixed, such as in ore.

Snag:
A dead or dying tree that is still standing.

Snag:
A dead or dying tree that is still standing.

Snaked saws:
Wavy saw line seen most often in band-sawed lumber.  Graded as skipped dressing.

Snaked saws:
Wavy saw line seen most often in band-sawed lumber.  Graded as skipped dressing.

Snatch block:
A block that can be opened on one side to allow a cable or rope to be laid in the block, instead of threading it through from one end.

Snatch block:
A block that can be opened on one side to allow a cable or rope to be laid in the block, instead of threading it through from one end.

Snatch block:
A block that can be opened on one side to allow a cable or rope to be laid in the block, instead of threading it through from one end.

Snatch block:
A block that can be opened on one side to allow a cable or rope to be laid in the block, instead of threading it through from one end.

Sock, wetbulb:
A fabric wick placed over a drybulb that cools the drybulb by evaporation to determine the relative humidity of the drying conditions.

Sock, wetbulb:
A fabric wick placed over a drybulb that cools the drybulb by evaporation to determine the relative humidity of the drying conditions.

Soft rot:
A special type of decay that develops in the outer wood layers under very wet conditions, such as in cooling towers and boat timbers. It is caused by micro-fungi that attack the secondary cell walls (and not the intercellular layer) and destroy its cellulose content.

Soft rot:
A special type of decay that develops in the outer wood layers under very wet conditions, such as in cooling towers and boat timbers. It is caused by micro-fungi that attack the secondary cell walls (and not the intercellular layer) and destroy its cellulose content.

Softwoods:
Generally, one of the botanical groups of trees that in most cases have needlelike or scalelike leaves, the conifers, also the wood produced by such trees.  The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood.

Softwoods:
Generally, one of the botanical groups of trees that in most cases have needlelike or scalelike leaves, the conifers, also the wood produced by such trees.  The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood.

Sole:
The deck floor.

Sole:
The deck floor.

Solids fraction:
The portion of a space or container that is occupied by solid wood as opposed to voids between the pieces.

Solids fraction:
The portion of a space or container that is occupied by solid wood as opposed to voids between the pieces.

Solid tooth:
A saw tooth formed from and an integral part of the saw blade itself.

Solid tooth:
A saw tooth formed from and an integral part of the saw blade itself.

Solid wood:
Wood as it is observed in a tree, log, or piece of lumber and hence free of manufactured voids as would occur between chips or free of nonwood materials such as resins and other additives.

Solid wood:
Wood as it is observed in a tree, log, or piece of lumber and hence free of manufactured voids as would occur between chips or free of nonwood materials such as resins and other additives.

Soluble Protein:
Estimates the amount of crude protein that will readily dissolve when the feed enters the rumen.

Soluble Protein:
Estimates the amount of crude protein that will readily dissolve when the feed enters the rumen.

Solvent extraction-Electrowinning (SX-EW) :
A metallurgical technique, so far applied only to copper ores, in which metal is dissolved from the rock by organic solvents and recovered from solution by electrolysis.

Solvent extraction-Electrowinning (SX-EW) :
A metallurgical technique, so far applied only to copper ores, in which metal is dissolved from the rock by organic solvents and recovered from solution by electrolysis.

Sonar:
A method to locate objects and determine distance by transmitting sound waves through water and measuring the time it takes the echo to bounce back. Used in depth finders and fishfinders.

Sonar:
A method to locate objects and determine distance by transmitting sound waves through water and measuring the time it takes the echo to bounce back. Used in depth finders and fishfinders.

Sorghum:
A cereal grass used mainly for feedgrain or silage.

Sorghum:
A cereal grass used mainly for feedgrain or silage.

Sounding:
Charted water depth.

Sounding:
Charted water depth.

Southern Yellow Pine:
A species group, composed primarily of Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pines. Various subspecies also are included in the group.

Southern Yellow Pine:
A species group, composed primarily of Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pines. Various subspecies also are included in the group.

Soybeans:
A legume crop, native to the Orient, used mainly in the United States for high protein feed and oil.

Soybeans:
A legume crop, native to the Orient, used mainly in the United States for high protein feed and oil.

Spar:
Masts, booms, gaffs and poles used in sailboat rigging.

Spar:
Masts, booms, gaffs and poles used in sailboat rigging.

Spar:
Masts, booms, gaffs and poles used in sailboat rigging.

Species:
Type of wood: Spruce, Pine, Oak, Cedar, etc.

Species:
Type of wood: Spruce, Pine, Oak, Cedar, etc.

Specific gravity:
Also called relative density.  As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).

Specific gravity:
Also called relative density.  As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).

Specific gravity:
Also called relative density.  As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).

Specific gravity (SG):
Also called relative density.  As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).

Specific gravity (SG):
Also called relative density.  As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).

Specific heat:
The heat in joules required to raise the temperature of one gram of wood 1°C.

Specific heat:
The heat in joules required to raise the temperature of one gram of wood 1°C.

Specimen:
A selected piece of rock or ore taken for examination or display.

Specimen:
A selected piece of rock or ore taken for examination or display.

SPF:
See Spruce-Pine-Fir.

SPF:
See Spruce-Pine-Fir.

Sphalerite:
Sulphide mineral of zinc. A common ore mineral of zinc.

Sphalerite:
Sulphide mineral of zinc. A common ore mineral of zinc.

Spiral concentrator:
Revolving drum or pan with an interior section made of spiral riffles. Used for gravity concentration of heavy minerals.

Spiral concentrator:
Revolving drum or pan with an interior section made of spiral riffles. Used for gravity concentration of heavy minerals.

Splitting maul:
A splitting maul or maul is a heavy long handled hammer used for splitting a piece of wood along its grain. One side is shaped like a sledge hammer and the other is a broad head axe shape.

Splitting maul:
A splitting maul or maul is a heavy long handled hammer used for splitting a piece of wood along its grain. One side is shaped like a sledge hammer and the other is a broad head axe shape.

Splitting wedge:
A triangular shaped tool used to separate two objects. Used in manual log splitting (2 way) or powered log splitters / firewood processors (2, 4, 6 or more ways).

Splitting wedge:
A triangular shaped tool used to separate two objects. Used in manual log splitting (2 way) or powered log splitters / firewood processors (2, 4, 6 or more ways).

Spool:
A term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically shaped part of a hydraulic component which moves to direct flow through the component.

Spool:
A term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically shaped part of a hydraulic component which moves to direct flow through the component.

Spool:
A term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically shaped part of a hydraulic component which moves to direct flow through the component.

Spool:
A term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically shaped part of a hydraulic component which moves to direct flow through the component.

Spool:
A term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically shaped part of a hydraulic component which moves to direct flow through the component.

Sportfish boat:
A type of bluewater fishing boat with at least two sleeping cabins and many dedicated fish-fighting features.

Sportfish boat:
A type of bluewater fishing boat with at least two sleeping cabins and many dedicated fish-fighting features.

Spring line:
A docking line attached amidships to control fore and aft movement.

Spring line:
A docking line attached amidships to control fore and aft movement.

Spring set:
Alternately bending saw teeth to make the kerf wider than the blade.

Spring set:
Alternately bending saw teeth to make the kerf wider than the blade.

Springwood:
The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed during the early part of the growing season.  It is usually less dense and weaker mechanically than latewood.

Springwood:
The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed during the early part of the growing season.  It is usually less dense and weaker mechanically than latewood.

Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF):
Canadian woods of similar characteristics that are grouped as one lumber type for production and marketing purposes. Kiln-dried SPF lumber is used as a structural framing material in all types of residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural building applications. SPF species range in color from white to pale yellow.

Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF):
Canadian woods of similar characteristics that are grouped as one lumber type for production and marketing purposes. Kiln-dried SPF lumber is used as a structural framing material in all types of residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural building applications. SPF species range in color from white to pale yellow.

Sprung saw:
A twisted or bent saw which will manifest itself by chattering and heating.

Sprung saw:
A twisted or bent saw which will manifest itself by chattering and heating.

Spur road:
A short, low standard branch road generally accessing one or two landings; often dead ending at the last landing.

Spur road:
A short, low standard branch road generally accessing one or two landings; often dead ending at the last landing.

Spur trim:
In the process of converting a log into veneer, devices called spur knives trim the raw veneer from a log to a desired veneer length; the difference between the log length and veneer length is the spur trim.

Spur trim:
In the process of converting a log into veneer, devices called spur knives trim the raw veneer from a log to a desired veneer length; the difference between the log length and veneer length is the spur trim.

Square:
A measure of the amount of material (e.g., shingles) required to cover a surface area of 100 square feet when applied as recommended.

Square:
A measure of the amount of material (e.g., shingles) required to cover a surface area of 100 square feet when applied as recommended.

Square-faced hammer:
A type of hammer used to flatten the surface of and put tension in circular saws.  The face has a rectangular outline with a convex plane, the curvature conforming to a radius of 9 inches.

Square-faced hammer:
A type of hammer used to flatten the surface of and put tension in circular saws.  The face has a rectangular outline with a convex plane, the curvature conforming to a radius of 9 inches.

Stacker:
A mechanical device for making up unit packages of lumber for drying.  As each layer of lumber is deposited on the unit, sticks are inserted manually or by machine between the layers.

Stacker:
A mechanical device for making up unit packages of lumber for drying.  As each layer of lumber is deposited on the unit, sticks are inserted manually or by machine between the layers.

Stack heat loss:
Loss of combustion heat via gas emissions in the smokestack of chimney.

Stack heat loss:
Loss of combustion heat via gas emissions in the smokestack of chimney.

Stack heat loss:
Loss of combustion heat via gas emissions in the smokestack of chimney.

Stack heat loss:
Loss of combustion heat via gas emissions in the smokestack of chimney.

Stalk:
The straw or stem-like part of the plant that supports the seed head.

Stalk:
The straw or stem-like part of the plant that supports the seed head.

Stamp mill:
An early method of crushing gold ore. Heavy iron pestles are continuously dropped into a trough containing water and the ore until it is fine enough to filter through screens. Also called a stamp battery.

Stamp mill:
An early method of crushing gold ore. Heavy iron pestles are continuously dropped into a trough containing water and the ore until it is fine enough to filter through screens. Also called a stamp battery.

Standard relief:
Also known as Straight Relief. Outlet portion of a pellet die hole that has been counterbored straight.

Standard relief:
Also known as Straight Relief. Outlet portion of a pellet die hole that has been counterbored straight.

Stand by:
An order to crewmen to be ready, be prepared.

Stand by:
An order to crewmen to be ready, be prepared.

Standing rigging:
The shrouds and stays that support the mast but are not adjusted while working a boat.

Standing rigging:
The shrouds and stays that support the mast but are not adjusted while working a boat.

Stand on:
Maintain course and speed.

Stand on:
Maintain course and speed.

Starboard:
The right side of the boat looking toward the bow.

Starboard:
The right side of the boat looking toward the bow.

Starch:
The main carbohydrate component of the dry matter in grain. Contains long chains of glucose molecules, which are easily broken down by rumen microbes.

Starch:
The main carbohydrate component of the dry matter in grain. Contains long chains of glucose molecules, which are easily broken down by rumen microbes.

Stateroom:
A room with sleeping quarters, a cabin.

Stateroom:
A room with sleeping quarters, a cabin.

Statute mile:
Distance of 5,280 feet, the standard measure of distance on land and most inland waterways.

Statute mile:
Distance of 5,280 feet, the standard measure of distance on land and most inland waterways.

Stay:
Wire, rod or other rigging that runs fore and aft of the mast.

Stay:
Wire, rod or other rigging that runs fore and aft of the mast.

Steam:
Vapor produced by heating water.

Steam:
Vapor produced by heating water.

Steam:
Vapor produced by heating water.

Steam:
Vapor produced by heating water.

Steam sprays:
Mechanical equipment for introducing water vapor or steam to the kiln environment.

Steam sprays:
Mechanical equipment for introducing water vapor or steam to the kiln environment.

Steam sprays:
Mechanical equipment for introducing water vapor or steam to the kiln environment.

Steam sprays:
Mechanical equipment for introducing water vapor or steam to the kiln environment.

Steam turbine:
A device for converting energy of high-pressure steam (produced in a boiler) into mechanical power which can then be used to generate electricity.

Steam turbine:
A device for converting energy of high-pressure steam (produced in a boiler) into mechanical power which can then be used to generate electricity.

Stem:
The stalk of a plant.

Stem:
The stalk of a plant.

Stem:
The stalk of a plant.

Stem:
The stalk of a plant.

Step:
Socket that holds the base of the mast.

Step:
Socket that holds the base of the mast.

Stepped hull:
A high-performance hull design with lateral notches, or steps, in the keel.

Stepped hull:
A high-performance hull design with lateral notches, or steps, in the keel.

Stere:
A metric measure of cordwood or pulpwood representing a stack of such wood 1 x 1 x 1 metres.  Approximately 0.27 cord.

Stere:
A metric measure of cordwood or pulpwood representing a stack of such wood 1 x 1 x 1 metres.  Approximately 0.27 cord.

Stern:
Aft portion of a boat.

Stern:
Aft portion of a boat.

Stern drive:
Propulsion system composed of an inboard engine connected to a steerable drive unit extending through a cut-out in the transom.

Stern drive:
Propulsion system composed of an inboard engine connected to a steerable drive unit extending through a cut-out in the transom.

Sticker:
A wooden strip laid between each layer of lumber as it is stacked for drying.  Permits transfer of heat into and removal of water from the lumber stacks.

Sticker:
A wooden strip laid between each layer of lumber as it is stacked for drying.  Permits transfer of heat into and removal of water from the lumber stacks.

Stink damp:
A hydrogen sulphide gas that is very poisonous with a pungent smell of rotten eggs. Seldom found in dangerous quantities.

Stink damp:
A hydrogen sulphide gas that is very poisonous with a pungent smell of rotten eggs. Seldom found in dangerous quantities.

Stocker:
Weaned cattle that are fed high-roughage diets (including grazing) before going into the feedlot.

Stocker:
Weaned cattle that are fed high-roughage diets (including grazing) before going into the feedlot.

Stockpile:
Mined ore kept aside prior to processing which could be used as a strategic above-ground ore reserve.

Stockpile:
Mined ore kept aside prior to processing which could be used as a strategic above-ground ore reserve.

Stow:
To put an object away onboard a boat, to store.

Stow:
To put an object away onboard a boat, to store.

Straight feedstuff (Straights):
A vegetable or animal product in its natural state, fresh or preserved, intended as such for feeding to animals. Also an individual feed ingredient used in the production of compound animal feeds.

Straight feedstuff (Straights):
A vegetable or animal product in its natural state, fresh or preserved, intended as such for feeding to animals. Also an individual feed ingredient used in the production of compound animal feeds.

Strainer:
A coarse filter.

Strainer:
A coarse filter.

Strainer:
A coarse filter.

Strainer:
A coarse filter.

Strakes:
Small linear protrusions that run longitudinally on both sides of the keel to give a planing hull lift and lateral stability.

Strakes:
Small linear protrusions that run longitudinally on both sides of the keel to give a planing hull lift and lateral stability.

Strapping:
Metal or plastic bands tensioned around finished loads of lumber to hold the load together during transport.

Strapping:
Metal or plastic bands tensioned around finished loads of lumber to hold the load together during transport.

Streamline flow:
A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.

Streamline flow:
A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.

Streamline flow:
A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.

Streamline flow:
A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.

Stringers:
Internal beams and braces that give fibreglass hull structural support.

Stringers:
Internal beams and braces that give fibreglass hull structural support.

Strip:
To remove the overburden or waste rock overlying an orebody in preparation for mining by open pit methods.

Strip:
To remove the overburden or waste rock overlying an orebody in preparation for mining by open pit methods.

Strip mine:
Open pit mine, mined by removing overburden and excavating the coal or ore.

Strip mine:
Open pit mine, mined by removing overburden and excavating the coal or ore.

Stripping Ratio:
Waste to ore ratio that needs to be removed from an open-pit mine.

Stripping Ratio:
Waste to ore ratio that needs to be removed from an open-pit mine.

Stroke:
1.  The length of travel of a piston or plunger.
2.  To change the displacement of a variable displacement pump or motor.

Stroke:
1.  The length of travel of a piston or plunger.
2.  To change the displacement of a variable displacement pump or motor.

Stroke:
1.  The length of travel of a piston or plunger.
2.  To change the displacement of a variable displacement pump or motor.

Stroke:
1.  The length of travel of a piston or plunger.
2.  To change the displacement of a variable displacement pump or motor.

Stroke:
1.  The length of travel of a piston or plunger.
2.  To change the displacement of a variable displacement pump or motor.

Structural timbers:
Pieces of wood of relatively large size, the strength or stiffness of which is the controlling element in their selection and use.  Examples of structural timbers are trestle timbers (stringers, caps, posts, sills, bracing, bridge ties, guardrails); car timbers (car framing, including upper framing, car sills); framing for building (posts, sills, girders); and crossarms for poles.

Structural timbers:
Pieces of wood of relatively large size, the strength or stiffness of which is the controlling element in their selection and use.  Examples of structural timbers are trestle timbers (stringers, caps, posts, sills, bracing, bridge ties, guardrails); car timbers (car framing, including upper framing, car sills); framing for building (posts, sills, girders); and crossarms for poles.

Stud:
One of a series of vertical load bearing members used as supporting elements in walls and partitions.

Stud:
One of a series of vertical load bearing members used as supporting elements in walls and partitions.

Stumpage:
1.  The value of timber as it stands uncut in the woods. The residual value after all logging costs
     are taken from the delivered price of logs at the mill yard.
2.  The price charged for the right to harvest timber from publicly or privately-owned forest land.

Stumpage:
1.  The value of timber as it stands uncut in the woods. The residual value after all logging costs
     are taken from the delivered price of logs at the mill yard.
2.  The price charged for the right to harvest timber from publicly or privately-owned forest land.

Sub-plate:
An auxiliary mounting for a hydraulic component providing a means of connecting piping to the component.

Sub-plate:
An auxiliary mounting for a hydraulic component providing a means of connecting piping to the component.

Sub-plate:
An auxiliary mounting for a hydraulic component providing a means of connecting piping to the component.

Sub-plate:
An auxiliary mounting for a hydraulic component providing a means of connecting piping to the component.

Sub-plate:
An auxiliary mounting for a hydraulic component providing a means of connecting piping to the component.

Suction line:
The hydraulic line connecting the pump inlet port to the reservoir or sump.

Suction line:
The hydraulic line connecting the pump inlet port to the reservoir or sump.

Suction line:
The hydraulic line connecting the pump inlet port to the reservoir or sump.

Suction line:
The hydraulic line connecting the pump inlet port to the reservoir or sump.

Suction line:
The hydraulic line connecting the pump inlet port to the reservoir or sump.

Sulfate process:
A chemical pulping process in which lignin is dissolved by a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide.

Sulfate process:
A chemical pulping process in which lignin is dissolved by a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide.

Sulfite process:
A chemical pulping process in which wood is cooked in aqueous acid sulfite solution containing free sulfur dioxide.

Sulfite process:
A chemical pulping process in which wood is cooked in aqueous acid sulfite solution containing free sulfur dioxide.

Sulfite pulp:
A chemical wood pulp obtained by cooking wood chips in a bisulfite-sulfurous acid solution.

Sulfite pulp:
A chemical wood pulp obtained by cooking wood chips in a bisulfite-sulfurous acid solution.

Sulphur dioxide:
Gas liberated during the smelting of most sulphide ores.

Sulphur dioxide:
Gas liberated during the smelting of most sulphide ores.

Summerwood:
The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed after the earlywood formation had ceased.  It is usually denser and stronger mechanically than earlywood.

Summerwood:
The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed after the earlywood formation had ceased.  It is usually denser and stronger mechanically than earlywood.

Sump:
A reservoir.

Sump:
A reservoir.

Sump:
A reservoir.

Sump:
A reservoir.

Supercharge:
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure (See Precharge pressure).

Supercharge:
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure (See Precharge pressure).

Supercharge:
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure (See Precharge pressure).

Supercharge:
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure (See Precharge pressure).

Supercharge:
1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure (See Precharge pressure).

Superheated steam:
Steam which is hotter than boiling temperature for a given pressure.

Superheated steam:
Steam which is hotter than boiling temperature for a given pressure.

Supplement:
A broad term that can have a number of different applications: 1) A specific ration designed to be fed to grazing animals or animals on hay. This will include the protein, energy (grain), supplemented vitamins, minerals, amino acids to balance with forage portion of the diet. 2) A specific ration as above to be added to the grain and forage on farm to make up a complete feed. 3) Any nutrient fed in addition to the basic ration is also a supplement to the overall rations and will contribute to the overall total daily nutrient intake.

Supplement:
A broad term that can have a number of different applications: 1) A specific ration designed to be fed to grazing animals or animals on hay. This will include the protein, energy (grain), supplemented vitamins, minerals, amino acids to balance with forage portion of the diet. 2) A specific ration as above to be added to the grain and forage on farm to make up a complete feed. 3) Any nutrient fed in addition to the basic ration is also a supplement to the overall rations and will contribute to the overall total daily nutrient intake.

Supplementation:
Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, probiotics etc. Are fed in addition to those available from the main ingredients when included within a premix that forms part of the ration.

Supplementation:
Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, probiotics etc. Are fed in addition to those available from the main ingredients when included within a premix that forms part of the ration.

Surface checks:
Checks that occur on the wood surface during seasoning; they may extend to varying depths into the wood.

Surface checks:
Checks that occur on the wood surface during seasoning; they may extend to varying depths into the wood.

Surfaced:
Lumber that has gone through a planer so that its sides are smooth and uniform in size.

Surfaced:
Lumber that has gone through a planer so that its sides are smooth and uniform in size.

Surfaced-dry (S-dry):
The condition referring to lumber that has been air or kiln dried and subsequently planed to a smooth surface.

Surfaced-dry (S-dry):
The condition referring to lumber that has been air or kiln dried and subsequently planed to a smooth surface.

Surge:
A transient rise of pressure or flow.

Surge:
A transient rise of pressure or flow.

Surge:
A transient rise of pressure or flow.

Surge:
A transient rise of pressure or flow.

Surge:
A transient rise of pressure or flow.

Surge brakes:
Hydraulic trailer brake system activated by the sudden inertia of a trailer pushing against the tow vehicle during a hard stop.

Surge brakes:
Hydraulic trailer brake system activated by the sudden inertia of a trailer pushing against the tow vehicle during a hard stop.

Surplus electricity:
Electricity produced by cogeneration equipment in excess of the needs of an associated factory or business.

Surplus electricity:
Electricity produced by cogeneration equipment in excess of the needs of an associated factory or business.

Survey:
Exploration technique to locate the presence of a potential ore body. Geophysical, geochemical and airborne based methods are used.

Survey:
Exploration technique to locate the presence of a potential ore body. Geophysical, geochemical and airborne based methods are used.

Sustained yield:
The yield a forest can produce in perpetuity at a given intensity of management without impairment of the land's productivity, with the intent that there will be balance between timber growth and harvesting on a sustainable basis.

Sustained yield:
The yield a forest can produce in perpetuity at a given intensity of management without impairment of the land's productivity, with the intent that there will be balance between timber growth and harvesting on a sustainable basis.

Swage or swedge:
A method of shaping a saw tooth to provide side clearance on both sides of each tooth.

Swage or swedge:
A method of shaping a saw tooth to provide side clearance on both sides of each tooth.

Swamp:
To fill a boat with water.

Swamp:
To fill a boat with water.

Swamp:
To fill a boat with water.

Swash plate:
A stationary canted plate in an axial type piston pump which causes the pistons to reciprocate as the cylinder barrel rotates.

Swash plate:
A stationary canted plate in an axial type piston pump which causes the pistons to reciprocate as the cylinder barrel rotates.

Swash plate:
A stationary canted plate in an axial type piston pump which causes the pistons to reciprocate as the cylinder barrel rotates.

Swash plate:
A stationary canted plate in an axial type piston pump which causes the pistons to reciprocate as the cylinder barrel rotates.

Swash plate:
A stationary canted plate in an axial type piston pump which causes the pistons to reciprocate as the cylinder barrel rotates.

Sway:
Side-to-side wandering of a trailer under tow.

Sway:
Side-to-side wandering of a trailer under tow.

Sweep:
A gradual (but pronounced) bend in a log, pole, or piling; considered a defect. Sweep in a log is analogous to "bow" in a piece of lumber.

Sweep:
A gradual (but pronounced) bend in a log, pole, or piling; considered a defect. Sweep in a log is analogous to "bow" in a piece of lumber.

Sweep Sawing:
Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant.  Also referred to as curve sawing or shape sawing.  Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve.

Sweep Sawing:
Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant.  Also referred to as curve sawing or shape sawing.  Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve.

Swim platform:
A wide platform at the transom equipped with a ladder to help ease the effort of reboarding after going into the water.

Swim platform:
A wide platform at the transom equipped with a ladder to help ease the effort of reboarding after going into the water.

Sylvite:
The principal ore of potassium.

Sylvite:
The principal ore of potassium.

Synchro:
A rotary electromagnetic device generally used as an AC feedback signal generator which indicates position.  It can also be used as a reference signal generator.

Synchro:
A rotary electromagnetic device generally used as an AC feedback signal generator which indicates position.  It can also be used as a reference signal generator.

Synchro:
A rotary electromagnetic device generally used as an AC feedback signal generator which indicates position.  It can also be used as a reference signal generator.

Synchro:
A rotary electromagnetic device generally used as an AC feedback signal generator which indicates position.  It can also be used as a reference signal generator.

Synchro:
A rotary electromagnetic device generally used as an AC feedback signal generator which indicates position.  It can also be used as a reference signal generator.

SYP:
Southern Yellow Pine.  A species group, composed primarily of Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pines. Various subspecies also are included in the group.

SYP:
Southern Yellow Pine.  A species group, composed primarily of Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pines. Various subspecies also are included in the group.

Tachometer (AC) (DC):
A device which generates an AC or DC signal proportional to the speed at which it is rotated and the polarity of which is dependent on the direction of rotation of the rotor.

Tachometer (AC) (DC):
A device which generates an AC or DC signal proportional to the speed at which it is rotated and the polarity of which is dependent on the direction of rotation of the rotor.

Tachometer (AC) (DC):
A device which generates an AC or DC signal proportional to the speed at which it is rotated and the polarity of which is dependent on the direction of rotation of the rotor.

Tachometer (AC) (DC):
A device which generates an AC or DC signal proportional to the speed at which it is rotated and the polarity of which is dependent on the direction of rotation of the rotor.

Tachometer (AC) (DC):
A device which generates an AC or DC signal proportional to the speed at which it is rotated and the polarity of which is dependent on the direction of rotation of the rotor.

Tachometer (AC) (DC):
A device which generates an AC or DC signal proportional to the speed at which it is rotated and the polarity of which is dependent on the direction of rotation of the rotor.

Tack :
The lower corner of a sail. Also, each leg of a zigzag course.

Tack :
The lower corner of a sail. Also, each leg of a zigzag course.

Taconite:
A highly abrasive iron ore.

Taconite:
A highly abrasive iron ore.

Tailings:
Material rejected from a mill after most of the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted. Normally consists of ground up rock in the sand to silt size range.

Tailings:
Material rejected from a mill after most of the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted. Normally consists of ground up rock in the sand to silt size range.

Tailings pond:
A pond to confine tailings. It allows enough time for heavy metals to settle out or for cyanide to be destroyed before water is discharged into the environment.

Tailings pond:
A pond to confine tailings. It allows enough time for heavy metals to settle out or for cyanide to be destroyed before water is discharged into the environment.

Tail section:
The area of a conveyor at the extreme opposite end from the discharge point. Most often this is the location of the take up device for adjusting belt or chain tension.

Tail section:
The area of a conveyor at the extreme opposite end from the discharge point. Most often this is the location of the take up device for adjusting belt or chain tension.

Tailspar:
A spar at the outer end of a skyline system, away from the landing, which elevates and supports one end of the skyline.

Tailspar:
A spar at the outer end of a skyline system, away from the landing, which elevates and supports one end of the skyline.

Tailtree:
A standing tree used as tailspar.

Tailtree:
A standing tree used as tailspar.

Tallow:
The fat produced by the rendering process.

Tallow:
The fat produced by the rendering process.

Tamping:
The act of packing a substance in behind an explosive to make it air tight and therefore work more efficiently.

Tamping:
The act of packing a substance in behind an explosive to make it air tight and therefore work more efficiently.

Tangential:
A tangential section is a longitudinal section through a tree perpendicular to a radius.  Flat-grain lumber is sawn tangentially.

Tangential:
A tangential section is a longitudinal section through a tree perpendicular to a radius.  Flat-grain lumber is sawn tangentially.

Tangential:
A tangential section is a longitudinal section through a tree perpendicular to a radius.  Flat-grain lumber is sawn tangentially.

Tank:
The reservoir or sump.

Tank:
The reservoir or sump.

Tank:
The reservoir or sump.

Tank:
The reservoir or sump.

Taper:
1.  The difference in diameter between the top end and the butt end of a log.
2.  Boards that are thicker or wider on one end than on the other.  Graded as skip.

Taper:
1.  The difference in diameter between the top end and the butt end of a log.
2.  Boards that are thicker or wider on one end than on the other.  Graded as skip.

Tapered relief:
Outlet portion of a pellet die hole that has been counterbored with a taper.

Tapered relief:
Outlet portion of a pellet die hole that has been counterbored with a taper.

Target moisture content:
The amount of moisture targeted to be left in the lumber at the end of a dry kiln charge.

Target moisture content:
The amount of moisture targeted to be left in the lumber at the end of a dry kiln charge.

Target size:
The size that lumber must be cut in the green form to allow for sawing deviation, shrinkage in drying and allowance for fibre removed in the finishing process.

Target size:
The size that lumber must be cut in the green form to allow for sawing deviation, shrinkage in drying and allowance for fibre removed in the finishing process.

Temperature drop across the load (TDAL):
Also called DAL and Delta T (change in temperature).  The temperature of the air entering a package minus the temperature of the air exiting a package.

Temperature drop across the load (TDAL):
Also called DAL and Delta T (change in temperature).  The temperature of the air entering a package minus the temperature of the air exiting a package.

Temposonics:
Linear displacement transducer.

Temposonics:
Linear displacement transducer.

Temposonics:
Linear displacement transducer.

Temposonics:
Linear displacement transducer.

Temposonics:
Linear displacement transducer.

Tender:
A small sailboat often raced that can be sailed on and off a beach. Also a tender, either rowed or equipped with power, used to go to and from a larger vessel.

Tender:
A small sailboat often raced that can be sailed on and off a beach. Also a tender, either rowed or equipped with power, used to go to and from a larger vessel.

Tenoning head:
Equipment used to form a cylindrical tenon on the end of roundwood posts or poles. Consists of a rotating cutterhead.

Tenoning head:
Equipment used to form a cylindrical tenon on the end of roundwood posts or poles. Consists of a rotating cutterhead.

Tenor:
The relative value or mineral content of an ore.

Tenor:
The relative value or mineral content of an ore.

Tension gauge:
Similar to a straightedge but having a convex edge, the curvature of which exactly coincides with the concave curvature of a properly tensioned saw; used when making the test for tension.

Tension gauge:
Similar to a straightedge but having a convex edge, the curvature of which exactly coincides with the concave curvature of a properly tensioned saw; used when making the test for tension.

Tension or tensioning:
A method of stretching the saw body in the inner area of either a circular saw or band saw to compensate for heating that expands the circular saw periphery or the band saw edges.  The amount of tension required is affected by gauge, saw speed, number and kind of teeth, diameter of a circle saw, width of a band saw, wood species, horsepower, feed speed, etc.  As a general rule on circular saw, large, thin, fast, heavily loaded saws require more tension than small, thick, slow, lightly loaded saws.  Wide, thick band saws require more tension than narrow, thin bands.  A very thin, narrow band may need no tensioning.

Tension or tensioning:
A method of stretching the saw body in the inner area of either a circular saw or band saw to compensate for heating that expands the circular saw periphery or the band saw edges.  The amount of tension required is affected by gauge, saw speed, number and kind of teeth, diameter of a circle saw, width of a band saw, wood species, horsepower, feed speed, etc.  As a general rule on circular saw, large, thin, fast, heavily loaded saws require more tension than small, thick, slow, lightly loaded saws.  Wide, thick band saws require more tension than narrow, thin bands.  A very thin, narrow band may need no tensioning.

Tension wood:
Abnormal wood found in leaning trees of some species and characterized by the presence of gelatinous fibers and excessive longitudinal shrinkage.  Tension wood fibers hold together tenaciously, so that the sawed surfaces usually have projecting fibers, and planed surfaces often are torn or have raised grain.  Tension wood may cause warping.

Tension wood:
Abnormal wood found in leaning trees of some species and characterized by the presence of gelatinous fibers and excessive longitudinal shrinkage.  Tension wood fibers hold together tenaciously, so that the sawed surfaces usually have projecting fibers, and planed surfaces often are torn or have raised grain.  Tension wood may cause warping.

Therapeutic:
Use of antibiotics at dosage levels sufficient to treat, control or prevent clinical disease of bacteria origin. Antibiotic therapy is usually initiated as empirical treatment, followed by a determination of a specific diagnosis.

Therapeutic:
Use of antibiotics at dosage levels sufficient to treat, control or prevent clinical disease of bacteria origin. Antibiotic therapy is usually initiated as empirical treatment, followed by a determination of a specific diagnosis.

Therm:
A unit of energy equal to 100,000 Btus (= 105.5 MJ); used primarily for natural gas.

Therm:
A unit of energy equal to 100,000 Btus (= 105.5 MJ); used primarily for natural gas.

Thermal oil:
A heat transfer fluid used instead of steam.  They are not interchangeable within the same kiln.  Thermal oil is capable of higher temperatures at low operating pressure and is not susceptible to freezing.

Thermal oil:
A heat transfer fluid used instead of steam.  They are not interchangeable within the same kiln.  Thermal oil is capable of higher temperatures at low operating pressure and is not susceptible to freezing.

Thermal oil:
A heat transfer fluid used instead of steam.  They are not interchangeable within the same kiln.  Thermal oil is capable of higher temperatures at low operating pressure and is not susceptible to freezing.

Thermal oil:
A heat transfer fluid used instead of steam.  They are not interchangeable within the same kiln.  Thermal oil is capable of higher temperatures at low operating pressure and is not susceptible to freezing.

Thermochemical conversion:
Use of heat to chemically change substances from one state to another, e.g. to make useful energy products.

Thermochemical conversion:
Use of heat to chemically change substances from one state to another, e.g. to make useful energy products.

Thermocouple (TC):
A sensor that measures temperature based on the voltage difference between  two dissimilar metals.

Thermocouple (TC):
A sensor that measures temperature based on the voltage difference between  two dissimilar metals.

Thermocouple (TC):
A sensor that measures temperature based on the voltage difference between  two dissimilar metals.

Thermocouple (TC):
A sensor that measures temperature based on the voltage difference between  two dissimilar metals.

Thermocouple (TC):
A sensor that measures temperature based on the voltage difference between  two dissimilar metals.

Thermomechanical pulp (TMP):
A high yield pulp produced by a process in which wood chips are softened by preheating under pressure prior to mechanical separation into a mass of fibers.

Thermomechanical pulp (TMP):
A high yield pulp produced by a process in which wood chips are softened by preheating under pressure prior to mechanical separation into a mass of fibers.

Thermosetting glues and resins:
Glues and resins that are cured with heat but do not soften when subsequently subjected to high temperatures.

Thermosetting glues and resins:
Glues and resins that are cured with heat but do not soften when subsequently subjected to high temperatures.

Thermosetting glues and resins:
Glues and resins that are cured with heat but do not soften when subsequently subjected to high temperatures.

Thermosetting glues and resins:
Glues and resins that are cured with heat but do not soften when subsequently subjected to high temperatures.

Thermosetting glues and resins:
Glues and resins that are cured with heat but do not soften when subsequently subjected to high temperatures.

Thickener:
A large, round tank used to separate solids from liquids. Fluid overflows from the tank and rock particles sink to the bottom.

Thickener:
A large, round tank used to separate solids from liquids. Fluid overflows from the tank and rock particles sink to the bottom.

Thinning :
A practice in which certain trees are removed from a dense stand to allow the remaining trees adequate sunlight, nutrients and moisture to grow at an even rate.

Thinning :
A practice in which certain trees are removed from a dense stand to allow the remaining trees adequate sunlight, nutrients and moisture to grow at an even rate.

Through-hull:
A fitting or object that goes all the way through a hull.

Through-hull:
A fitting or object that goes all the way through a hull.

Tier:
Horizontal course in a stack of lumber.

Tier:
Horizontal course in a stack of lumber.

Tiller:
A bar connected to the rudder and used to steer the boat.

Tiller:
A bar connected to the rudder and used to steer the boat.

Tiller handle outboard:
A small, outboard motor that uses a handle fitted with engine controls to steer instead of a steering wheel.

Tiller handle outboard:
A small, outboard motor that uses a handle fitted with engine controls to steer instead of a steering wheel.

Timbers:
Lumber that is nominally 5 inches or more in least dimension.  Timbers may be used as beams, stringers, posts, caps, sills, girders, purlins, and so forth.

Timbers:
Lumber that is nominally 5 inches or more in least dimension.  Timbers may be used as beams, stringers, posts, caps, sills, girders, purlins, and so forth.

Timbers, round:
Timbers used in the original round form, such as poles, piling, posts, and mine timbers.

Timbers, round:
Timbers used in the original round form, such as poles, piling, posts, and mine timbers.

Timber, standing:
Timber still standing of the stump.

Timber, standing:
Timber still standing of the stump.

Timber supply area (TSA):
An area of forest land designated by the Minister of Forests of British Columbia and allocated an AAC from which non-area based timber tenures are granted.

Timber supply area (TSA):
An area of forest land designated by the Minister of Forests of British Columbia and allocated an AAC from which non-area based timber tenures are granted.

Tongue and groove:
Lumber machined to have a groove on one side and a protruding tongue on the other, so that pieces will fit snugly together, with the tongue of one fitting into the groove of the other.

Tongue and groove:
Lumber machined to have a groove on one side and a protruding tongue on the other, so that pieces will fit snugly together, with the tongue of one fitting into the groove of the other.

Tongue jack:
Adjustable jack on the trailer tongue that raises and lowers the coupler.

Tongue jack:
Adjustable jack on the trailer tongue that raises and lowers the coupler.

Tongue weight:
The measurement of trailer weight when loaded with a boat on the hitch ball.

Tongue weight:
The measurement of trailer weight when loaded with a boat on the hitch ball.

Tonne:
A unit of weight in the metric system equal to 1,000 kilograms or approximately 2,204 pounds.  Also called a Metric ton.

Tonne:
A unit of weight in the metric system equal to 1,000 kilograms or approximately 2,204 pounds.  Also called a Metric ton.

Tonne:
A unit of weight in the metric system equal to 1,000 kilograms or approximately 2,204 pounds.  Also called a Metric ton.

Tonne:
A unit of weight in the metric system equal to 1,000 kilograms or approximately 2,204 pounds.  Also called a Metric ton.

Tonne:
A unit of weight in the metric system equal to 1,000 kilograms or approximately 2,204 pounds.  Also called a Metric ton.

Tonne:
A unit of weight in the metric system equal to 1,000 kilograms or approximately 2,204 pounds.  Also called a Metric ton.

Tonnes-per-vertical-metre:
Common unit used to describe the amount of ore in a deposit.

Tonnes-per-vertical-metre:
Common unit used to describe the amount of ore in a deposit.

Ton (T):
1. US unit of weight equal to 2,000 lb; also called a Short ton.
2. British unit of weight equal to 2,240 lb (1,016 kg); also called a Long ton.

Ton (T):
1. US unit of weight equal to 2,000 lb; also called a Short ton.
2. British unit of weight equal to 2,240 lb (1,016 kg); also called a Long ton.

Ton (T):
1. US unit of weight equal to 2,000 lb; also called a Short ton.
2. British unit of weight equal to 2,240 lb (1,016 kg); also called a Long ton.

Ton (T):
1. US unit of weight equal to 2,000 lb; also called a Short ton.
2. British unit of weight equal to 2,240 lb (1,016 kg); also called a Long ton.

Ton (T):
1. US unit of weight equal to 2,000 lb; also called a Short ton.
2. British unit of weight equal to 2,240 lb (1,016 kg); also called a Long ton.

Ton (T):
1. US unit of weight equal to 2,000 lb; also called a Short ton.
2. British unit of weight equal to 2,240 lb (1,016 kg); also called a Long ton.

Tooth bite:
The length of cut for each tooth on a saw as wood is feed to the saw.  Tooth bite will vary based on arbor rpm, tooth pitch, saw diameter and feed speed.

Tooth bite:
The length of cut for each tooth on a saw as wood is feed to the saw.  Tooth bite will vary based on arbor rpm, tooth pitch, saw diameter and feed speed.

Tooth pitch:
The distance between teeth on a saw.

Tooth pitch:
The distance between teeth on a saw.

Tooth pressure:
The force each tooth exerts when cutting.

Tooth pressure:
The force each tooth exerts when cutting.

Top bevel:
An angle filed across the top of the tooth, usually staggered on alternate teeth.  If all teeth are angled in one direction, the saw will pull to one side.

Top bevel:
An angle filed across the top of the tooth, usually staggered on alternate teeth.  If all teeth are angled in one direction, the saw will pull to one side.

Top clearance:
The angle of clearance on the top of a saw tooth.  Also "Clearance angle" or "Back clearance angle".

Top clearance:
The angle of clearance on the top of a saw tooth.  Also "Clearance angle" or "Back clearance angle".

Topping and back pressure turbines:
Turbines which operate at exhaust pressure considerably higher than atmospheric (noncondensing turbines). These turbines are often multistage types with relatively high efficiency.

Topping and back pressure turbines:
Turbines which operate at exhaust pressure considerably higher than atmospheric (noncondensing turbines). These turbines are often multistage types with relatively high efficiency.

Topping cycle:
A cogeneration system in which electric power is produced first. The reject heat from power production is then used to produce useful process heat.

Topping cycle:
A cogeneration system in which electric power is produced first. The reject heat from power production is then used to produce useful process heat.

Topsides:
The hull above the waterline. Also, everything above deck as opposed to below deck.

Topsides:
The hull above the waterline. Also, everything above deck as opposed to below deck.

Torque:
A rotary thrust.  The turning effort of a fluid motor usually expressed in inch pounds.

Torque:
A rotary thrust.  The turning effort of a fluid motor usually expressed in inch pounds.

Torque:
A rotary thrust.  The turning effort of a fluid motor usually expressed in inch pounds.

Torque:
A rotary thrust.  The turning effort of a fluid motor usually expressed in inch pounds.

Torque:
A rotary thrust.  The turning effort of a fluid motor usually expressed in inch pounds.

Torque:
A rotary thrust.  The turning effort of a fluid motor usually expressed in inch pounds.

Torque converter:
A rotary fluid coupling that is capable of multiplying torque.

Torque converter:
A rotary fluid coupling that is capable of multiplying torque.

Torque converter:
A rotary fluid coupling that is capable of multiplying torque.

Torque converter:
A rotary fluid coupling that is capable of multiplying torque.

Torque converter:
A rotary fluid coupling that is capable of multiplying torque.

Torque motor:
A type of electromechanical transducer having rotary motion used in the input stages of servo valves.

Torque motor:
A type of electromechanical transducer having rotary motion used in the input stages of servo valves.

Torque motor:
A type of electromechanical transducer having rotary motion used in the input stages of servo valves.

Torque motor:
A type of electromechanical transducer having rotary motion used in the input stages of servo valves.

Torque motor:
A type of electromechanical transducer having rotary motion used in the input stages of servo valves.

Total daily nutrient intake:
Every nutrient that an animal consumes in a day has a contribution towards the total daily nutrient needs of that animal.

Total daily nutrient intake:
Every nutrient that an animal consumes in a day has a contribution towards the total daily nutrient needs of that animal.

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN):
Concept that comes from the old system of measuring available energy of feeds and energy requirements of animals involving a complex formula of measured nutrients. It is very hard to measure but widely used in some parts of the U.S. and Canada.

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN):
Concept that comes from the old system of measuring available energy of feeds and energy requirements of animals involving a complex formula of measured nutrients. It is very hard to measure but widely used in some parts of the U.S. and Canada.

Total mixed ration (TMR):
Consists of all the feed ingredients mixed together to form the ration allowance for the animal.

Total mixed ration (TMR):
Consists of all the feed ingredients mixed together to form the ration allowance for the animal.

Total reduced sulphur (TRS):
Sulphur compounds produced in a kraft pulping process that can exhibit a "rotten egg" smell.

Total reduced sulphur (TRS):
Sulphur compounds produced in a kraft pulping process that can exhibit a "rotten egg" smell.

Total suspended solids (TSS):
The total amount of suspended solids dispersed in a liquid.

Total suspended solids (TSS):
The total amount of suspended solids dispersed in a liquid.

Tower:
A steel mast or framework, generally portable, used instead of a spar tree for cable yarding.

Tower:
A steel mast or framework, generally portable, used instead of a spar tree for cable yarding.

Tow rating:
Maximum weight a vehicle is rated to tow.

Tow rating:
Maximum weight a vehicle is rated to tow.

TPD:
Tons per day.

TPD:
Tons per day.

Tracheids, longitudinal:
The elongated cells or fibers that comprise the majority of the anatomical structure of softwoods.  Also present in some hardwoods.

Tracheids, longitudinal:
The elongated cells or fibers that comprise the majority of the anatomical structure of softwoods.  Also present in some hardwoods.

Trailer tongue:
Forward portion of a trailer where the coupler is mounted.

Trailer tongue:
Forward portion of a trailer where the coupler is mounted.

Trailer winch:
Device that uses a crank and cable to assist in launching and retrieving a boat.

Trailer winch:
Device that uses a crank and cable to assist in launching and retrieving a boat.

Tramp:
Foreign uncrushable metal often found in rock crushing input.

Tramp:
Foreign uncrushable metal often found in rock crushing input.

Transducer:
An electronic sensing device mounted in a boat's bilge or at the bottom of the transom to provide data for a depth sounder.

Transducer:
An electronic sensing device mounted in a boat's bilge or at the bottom of the transom to provide data for a depth sounder.

Transducer (or feedback transducer):
An element which measures the results at the load and sends a signal back to the amplifier.

Transducer (or feedback transducer):
An element which measures the results at the load and sends a signal back to the amplifier.

Transducer (or feedback transducer):
An element which measures the results at the load and sends a signal back to the amplifier.

Transducer (or feedback transducer):
An element which measures the results at the load and sends a signal back to the amplifier.

Transducer (or feedback transducer):
An element which measures the results at the load and sends a signal back to the amplifier.

Transesterification:
A chemical process which reacts an alcohol with the triglycerides contained in vegetable oils and animal fats to produce biodiesel and glycerin.

Transesterification:
A chemical process which reacts an alcohol with the triglycerides contained in vegetable oils and animal fats to produce biodiesel and glycerin.

Transfer point:
Location in the materials handling system, either haulage or hoisting, where bulk material is transferred between conveyances.

Transfer point:
Location in the materials handling system, either haulage or hoisting, where bulk material is transferred between conveyances.

Transom:
The rear section of the hull connecting the two sides.

Transom:
The rear section of the hull connecting the two sides.

Transom shower:
A plastic hose and shower head located near the transom that draws from a fresh water supply.

Transom shower:
A plastic hose and shower head located near the transom that draws from a fresh water supply.

Traps:
A device that separates condensate and air from the steam within the steam heating coils.

Traps:
A device that separates condensate and air from the steam within the steam heating coils.

Traps:
A device that separates condensate and air from the steam within the steam heating coils.

Traps:
A device that separates condensate and air from the steam within the steam heating coils.

Traps:
A device that separates condensate and air from the steam within the steam heating coils.

Traps, float and thermostatic:
Traps that discharge condensate at a rate dependent on the position of an internal float.  Air is removed through a thermostatic air vent.

Traps, float and thermostatic:
Traps that discharge condensate at a rate dependent on the position of an internal float.  Air is removed through a thermostatic air vent.

Traps, float and thermostatic:
Traps that discharge condensate at a rate dependent on the position of an internal float.  Air is removed through a thermostatic air vent.

Traps, float and thermostatic:
Traps that discharge condensate at a rate dependent on the position of an internal float.  Air is removed through a thermostatic air vent.

Traps, float and thermostatic:
Traps that discharge condensate at a rate dependent on the position of an internal float.  Air is removed through a thermostatic air vent.

Traps, inverted bucket:
Mechanical traps that operate on the difference in the density between steam and water.

Traps, inverted bucket:
Mechanical traps that operate on the difference in the density between steam and water.

Traps, inverted bucket:
Mechanical traps that operate on the difference in the density between steam and water.

Traps, inverted bucket:
Mechanical traps that operate on the difference in the density between steam and water.

Traps, inverted bucket:
Mechanical traps that operate on the difference in the density between steam and water.

Traps, orifice:
Traps that discharge steam at a constant rate and have no internal moving parts to alter or stem its flow.

Traps, orifice:
Traps that discharge steam at a constant rate and have no internal moving parts to alter or stem its flow.

Traps, orifice:
Traps that discharge steam at a constant rate and have no internal moving parts to alter or stem its flow.

Traps, orifice:
Traps that discharge steam at a constant rate and have no internal moving parts to alter or stem its flow.

Traps, thermostatic:
Traps that use an internal bellows, which expands when steam flows to the trap, closing the orifice.  As condensate accumulates the bellows contracts to release it.

Traps, thermostatic:
Traps that use an internal bellows, which expands when steam flows to the trap, closing the orifice.  As condensate accumulates the bellows contracts to release it.

Traps, thermostatic:
Traps that use an internal bellows, which expands when steam flows to the trap, closing the orifice.  As condensate accumulates the bellows contracts to release it.

Traps, thermostatic:
Traps that use an internal bellows, which expands when steam flows to the trap, closing the orifice.  As condensate accumulates the bellows contracts to release it.

Traps, thermostatic:
Traps that use an internal bellows, which expands when steam flows to the trap, closing the orifice.  As condensate accumulates the bellows contracts to release it.

Traveling grate:
A type of furnace in which assembled links of grates are joined together in a perpetual belt arrangement. Fuel is fed in at one end and ash is discharged at the other.

Traveling grate:
A type of furnace in which assembled links of grates are joined together in a perpetual belt arrangement. Fuel is fed in at one end and ash is discharged at the other.

Trawler:
A pleasure boat more than 25 feet in length with a displacement hull.

Trawler:
A pleasure boat more than 25 feet in length with a displacement hull.

Trim:
The way a boat floats in relation to the horizon, bow up, bow down or even. Also, to adjust a boat's horizontal running angle by directing the outboard or stern drive's thrust up or down. Also, to set a sail in correct relation to the wind.

Trim:
The way a boat floats in relation to the horizon, bow up, bow down or even. Also, to adjust a boat's horizontal running angle by directing the outboard or stern drive's thrust up or down. Also, to set a sail in correct relation to the wind.

Trim:
The way a boat floats in relation to the horizon, bow up, bow down or even. Also, to adjust a boat's horizontal running angle by directing the outboard or stern drive's thrust up or down. Also, to set a sail in correct relation to the wind.

Trimaran:
A type of boat with three side-by-side hulls, the center of which is usually larger with crew accommodations.

Trimaran:
A type of boat with three side-by-side hulls, the center of which is usually larger with crew accommodations.

Trimmer:
Machine centre with multiple saws for trimming defect from boards and producing a defined length of lumber.

Trimmer:
Machine centre with multiple saws for trimming defect from boards and producing a defined length of lumber.

Trimming:
The manufacturing step that squares the length of boards.

Trimming:
The manufacturing step that squares the length of boards.

Trim tabs:
Hydraulically adjusted horizontal plates located on the bottom of the transom that control the trim angle of a boat at speed.

Trim tabs:
Hydraulically adjusted horizontal plates located on the bottom of the transom that control the trim angle of a boat at speed.

Trolling:
To fish by towing an array of baited lines or lures behind the boat.

Trolling:
To fish by towing an array of baited lines or lures behind the boat.

Trommel:
A screen contained within a tumbling mill which acts like a sieve during ore processing.

Trommel:
A screen contained within a tumbling mill which acts like a sieve during ore processing.

Trough:
A container for drinking water or feed of farm animals.

Trough:
A container for drinking water or feed of farm animals.

Troy ounce:
Unit of weight measurement used for all precious metals.

Troy ounce:
Unit of weight measurement used for all precious metals.

True wind:
Direction and velocity of wind as measured on land, distinct from apparent wind.

True wind:
Direction and velocity of wind as measured on land, distinct from apparent wind.

Truss:
An assembly of members combined to form a rigid framework. All members are interconnected to form triangles. Light frame trusses are made from dimension lumber restrained by toothed plates. Heavy trusses are made for large members restrained by bolts and connectors or glulam rivets.

Truss:
An assembly of members combined to form a rigid framework. All members are interconnected to form triangles. Light frame trusses are made from dimension lumber restrained by toothed plates. Heavy trusses are made for large members restrained by bolts and connectors or glulam rivets.

T-top:
Short, aluminium tower with overhead canvas to protect the helm.

T-top:
Short, aluminium tower with overhead canvas to protect the helm.

Tube mill:
Large rotating cylinder filled with metal balls that is used to break ore into smaller pieces. Similar to a ball mill but has a longer length compared to its diameter.

Tube mill:
Large rotating cylinder filled with metal balls that is used to break ore into smaller pieces. Similar to a ball mill but has a longer length compared to its diameter.

Tuna tower:
Tall aluminium tower used for spotting fish in the distance, often equipped with a second set of helm controls.

Tuna tower:
Tall aluminium tower used for spotting fish in the distance, often equipped with a second set of helm controls.

Tunnel-boring-machine:
A machine used to excavate a tunnel through soil or rock by mechanical means as opposed to drilling and blasting.

Tunnel-boring-machine:
A machine used to excavate a tunnel through soil or rock by mechanical means as opposed to drilling and blasting.

Turbine:
A rotary device that is actuated by the impact of a moving fluid against blades or vanes.

Turbine:
A rotary device that is actuated by the impact of a moving fluid against blades or vanes.

Turbine:
A rotary device that is actuated by the impact of a moving fluid against blades or vanes.

Turbine:
A rotary device that is actuated by the impact of a moving fluid against blades or vanes.

Turbine:
A rotary device that is actuated by the impact of a moving fluid against blades or vanes.

Turbulent flow (turbulence):
A condition where the fluid particles move in random paths rather than in continuous parallel paths.

Turbulent flow (turbulence):
A condition where the fluid particles move in random paths rather than in continuous parallel paths.

Turbulent flow (turbulence):
A condition where the fluid particles move in random paths rather than in continuous parallel paths.

Turbulent flow (turbulence):
A condition where the fluid particles move in random paths rather than in continuous parallel paths.

Turbulent flow (turbulence):
A condition where the fluid particles move in random paths rather than in continuous parallel paths.

Turn:
Any log or group of logs attached by some means to power and moved from a point of rest to a landing.

Turn:
Any log or group of logs attached by some means to power and moved from a point of rest to a landing.

Turn down ratio:
The lowest load at which a boiler will operate efficiently as compared to the boiler's maximum design load.

Turn down ratio:
The lowest load at which a boiler will operate efficiently as compared to the boiler's maximum design load.

Twin circular:
A mill that has both a right-hand and a left-hand saw; used to slab logs or to rip cants.  Both saws may be so mounted as to permit altering the distance between them.  Also used to describe an over-under circular saw headrig.

Twin circular:
A mill that has both a right-hand and a left-hand saw; used to slab logs or to rip cants.  Both saws may be so mounted as to permit altering the distance between them.  Also used to describe an over-under circular saw headrig.

Twist:
A spiral distortion along the length of a piece of timber so that the four corners of any face are no longer in the same plane.

Twist:
A spiral distortion along the length of a piece of timber so that the four corners of any face are no longer in the same plane.

Twists:
Ridged projections on the surface of a circular saw.

Twists:
Ridged projections on the surface of a circular saw.

Two-cycle engine:
A gasoline- or diesel-powered internal combustion engine that takes two cycles or strokes of the piston to complete its power phase. Also called two-stroke engine.

Two-cycle engine:
A gasoline- or diesel-powered internal combustion engine that takes two cycles or strokes of the piston to complete its power phase. Also called two-stroke engine.

Two-way valve:
A directional control valve with two flow paths.

Two-way valve:
A directional control valve with two flow paths.

Two-way valve:
A directional control valve with two flow paths.

Two-way valve:
A directional control valve with two flow paths.

Two-way valve:
A directional control valve with two flow paths.

Ultimate analysis:
Determination, by chemical means, of the elements and compounds in coal.

Ultimate analysis:
Determination, by chemical means, of the elements and compounds in coal.

Ultra basic:
Igneous rocks containing less than 35% silica.

Ultra basic:
Igneous rocks containing less than 35% silica.

Umpire sample (assay):
An assay made by a third party to provide a basis for settling disputes between buyers and sellers of ore.

Umpire sample (assay):
An assay made by a third party to provide a basis for settling disputes between buyers and sellers of ore.

Undegradable Intake Protein (UIP):
See By-pass Protein

Undegradable Intake Protein (UIP):
See By-pass Protein

Undercut:
A notch cut in a tree to guide the direction of the tree fall and to prevent splitting or kickback.

Undercut:
A notch cut in a tree to guide the direction of the tree fall and to prevent splitting or kickback.

Underway:
A boat in motion.

Underway:
A boat in motion.

Undigestible:
Ration not easily digested by the animal.

Undigestible:
Ration not easily digested by the animal.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS):
Provides conditioned power and battery backup for computers in the case of a power failure or brownout.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS):
Provides conditioned power and battery backup for computers in the case of a power failure or brownout.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS):
Provides conditioned power and battery backup for computers in the case of a power failure or brownout.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS):
Provides conditioned power and battery backup for computers in the case of a power failure or brownout.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS):
Provides conditioned power and battery backup for computers in the case of a power failure or brownout.

Unload:
To release flow (usually directly to the reservoir), to prevent pressure being imposed on the system or portion of the system.

Unload:
To release flow (usually directly to the reservoir), to prevent pressure being imposed on the system or portion of the system.

Unload:
To release flow (usually directly to the reservoir), to prevent pressure being imposed on the system or portion of the system.

Unload:
To release flow (usually directly to the reservoir), to prevent pressure being imposed on the system or portion of the system.

Unload:
To release flow (usually directly to the reservoir), to prevent pressure being imposed on the system or portion of the system.

Unloading valve:
A valve which by-passes flow to tank when a set pressure is maintained on its pilot port.

Unloading valve:
A valve which by-passes flow to tank when a set pressure is maintained on its pilot port.

Unloading valve:
A valve which by-passes flow to tank when a set pressure is maintained on its pilot port.

Unloading valve:
A valve which by-passes flow to tank when a set pressure is maintained on its pilot port.

Unloading valve:
A valve which by-passes flow to tank when a set pressure is maintained on its pilot port.

Unpeeled (roundwood):
Roundwood without the bark removed. Commonly called "Barkies".

Unpeeled (roundwood):
Roundwood without the bark removed. Commonly called "Barkies".

Unscrambler:
Machine that maximizes the loading by retrieving a single piece of wood from a pile and by transferring it to a conveyor or transfer.

Unscrambler:
Machine that maximizes the loading by retrieving a single piece of wood from a pile and by transferring it to a conveyor or transfer.

Uraninite:
A uranium mineral with a high uranium oxide content.

Uraninite:
A uranium mineral with a high uranium oxide content.

Uranium:
A radioactive, silvery-white, metallic element.

Uranium:
A radioactive, silvery-white, metallic element.

Utility boat:
A type of small, open powerboat, constructed of either fibreglass or aluminium, with minimal features. These include job boats, skiffs and work boats.

Utility boat:
A type of small, open powerboat, constructed of either fibreglass or aluminium, with minimal features. These include job boats, skiffs and work boats.

Utilization:
The ability of the animal to make use of all the nutrients within the ration.

Utilization:
The ability of the animal to make use of all the nutrients within the ration.

Vacuum:
Pressure less than atmospheric pressure.  It is usually expresses in inches of mercury (in Hg) as referred to the existing atmospheric pressure.

Vacuum:
Pressure less than atmospheric pressure.  It is usually expresses in inches of mercury (in Hg) as referred to the existing atmospheric pressure.

Vacuum:
Pressure less than atmospheric pressure.  It is usually expresses in inches of mercury (in Hg) as referred to the existing atmospheric pressure.

Vacuum:
Pressure less than atmospheric pressure.  It is usually expresses in inches of mercury (in Hg) as referred to the existing atmospheric pressure.

Vacuum:
Pressure less than atmospheric pressure.  It is usually expresses in inches of mercury (in Hg) as referred to the existing atmospheric pressure.

Value-added product / value-added production:
Adding value to a product by further processing it. Examples of value-added wood products include joinery stock, windows, doors, kitchen cabinets, flooring and mouldings. Value-added pulp and paper products include such items as packaging, diapers, coated papers, tissue, business papers and stationery, and other consumer paper products.

Value-added product / value-added production:
Adding value to a product by further processing it. Examples of value-added wood products include joinery stock, windows, doors, kitchen cabinets, flooring and mouldings. Value-added pulp and paper products include such items as packaging, diapers, coated papers, tissue, business papers and stationery, and other consumer paper products.

Values:
The valuable minerals contained in a deposit, usually refers to the precious metal content.

Values:
The valuable minerals contained in a deposit, usually refers to the precious metal content.

Valve:
A device which controls fluid flow direction, pressure, or flow rate.

Valve:
A device which controls fluid flow direction, pressure, or flow rate.

Valve:
A device which controls fluid flow direction, pressure, or flow rate.

Valve:
A device which controls fluid flow direction, pressure, or flow rate.

Valve:
A device which controls fluid flow direction, pressure, or flow rate.

Variable relief:
Specific rows of pellet die holes, such as the two inner and outside rows that are counterbored to greater depths at their outlets. Acts to encourage feed flow through these holes.

Variable relief:
Specific rows of pellet die holes, such as the two inner and outside rows that are counterbored to greater depths at their outlets. Acts to encourage feed flow through these holes.

Variation:
Compass variable that accounts for the difference in degrees between true north and magnetic north.

Variation:
Compass variable that accounts for the difference in degrees between true north and magnetic north.

V-berth:
A bed or berth located in the bow that has a V-shape.

V-berth:
A bed or berth located in the bow that has a V-shape.

V-drive:
Propulsion system where the drive shaft initially runs forward into a gear box and then runs aft and down through the hull. The driveline forms a V-shape with the gear box at the pivot point.

V-drive:
Propulsion system where the drive shaft initially runs forward into a gear box and then runs aft and down through the hull. The driveline forms a V-shape with the gear box at the pivot point.

Vein:
A mineralized area having a more or less regular development in length, width and depth. It is clearly separated from neighboring rock.

Vein:
A mineralized area having a more or less regular development in length, width and depth. It is clearly separated from neighboring rock.

Velocity:
The speed of flow through a hydraulic line.  Expressed in feet per second (fps) or inches per second (ips).

Velocity:
The speed of flow through a hydraulic line.  Expressed in feet per second (fps) or inches per second (ips).

Velocity:
The speed of flow through a hydraulic line.  Expressed in feet per second (fps) or inches per second (ips).

Velocity:
The speed of flow through a hydraulic line.  Expressed in feet per second (fps) or inches per second (ips).

Velocity:
The speed of flow through a hydraulic line.  Expressed in feet per second (fps) or inches per second (ips).

Veneer:
A thin layer or sheet of wood.

Veneer:
A thin layer or sheet of wood.

Veneer, rotary-cut:
Cut in a lathe which rotates a log or bolt, chucked in the center, against a knife.

Veneer, rotary-cut:
Cut in a lathe which rotates a log or bolt, chucked in the center, against a knife.

Veneer, sawed:
Produced by sawing.

Veneer, sawed:
Produced by sawing.

Veneer, sliced:
Sliced off a log, bolt or flitch with a knife.

Veneer, sliced:
Sliced off a log, bolt or flitch with a knife.

Vent:
To permit opening of a pressure control valve by opening its pilot port (vent connection) to atmospheric pressure.

Vent:
To permit opening of a pressure control valve by opening its pilot port (vent connection) to atmospheric pressure.

Vent:
To permit opening of a pressure control valve by opening its pilot port (vent connection) to atmospheric pressure.

Vent:
To permit opening of a pressure control valve by opening its pilot port (vent connection) to atmospheric pressure.

Vent:
To permit opening of a pressure control valve by opening its pilot port (vent connection) to atmospheric pressure.

Ventilation:
Air introduced into a spinning propeller from the water's surface.

Ventilation:
Air introduced into a spinning propeller from the water's surface.

Venting:
The act of discharging hot, moisture-laden air from a dry kiln.

Venting:
The act of discharging hot, moisture-laden air from a dry kiln.

Vents:
The opening in a dry kiln roof or wall that can be opened and closed to control the wetbulb temperature in a kiln.

Vents:
The opening in a dry kiln roof or wall that can be opened and closed to control the wetbulb temperature in a kiln.

Vertical grain (VG):
Lumber that is sawn at approximately right angles to the annual growth rings so that the rings form an angle of 45 degrees or more with the surface of the piece.

Vertical grain (VG):
Lumber that is sawn at approximately right angles to the annual growth rings so that the rings form an angle of 45 degrees or more with the surface of the piece.

Vertically laminated timbers:
Laminated timbers designed to resist bending loads applied parallel to the wide faces of the laminations.

Vertically laminated timbers:
Laminated timbers designed to resist bending loads applied parallel to the wide faces of the laminations.

VHF:
Very high frequency; a bandwidth designation commonly used by marine radios.

VHF:
Very high frequency; a bandwidth designation commonly used by marine radios.

Viscosity:
A measure of the internal friction or the resistance of a fluid to flow.

Viscosity:
A measure of the internal friction or the resistance of a fluid to flow.

Viscosity:
A measure of the internal friction or the resistance of a fluid to flow.

Viscosity:
A measure of the internal friction or the resistance of a fluid to flow.

Viscosity:
A measure of the internal friction or the resistance of a fluid to flow.

Viscosity index:
A measure of the viscosity-temperature characteristics of a fluid as referred to that of two arbitrary reference fluids.

Viscosity index:
A measure of the viscosity-temperature characteristics of a fluid as referred to that of two arbitrary reference fluids.

Viscosity index:
A measure of the viscosity-temperature characteristics of a fluid as referred to that of two arbitrary reference fluids.

Viscosity index:
A measure of the viscosity-temperature characteristics of a fluid as referred to that of two arbitrary reference fluids.

Viscosity index:
A measure of the viscosity-temperature characteristics of a fluid as referred to that of two arbitrary reference fluids.

Waferboard:
A particle panel product made of wafer-type flakes.  Usually manufactured to possess equal properties in all directions parallel to the plane of the panel.

Waferboard:
A particle panel product made of wafer-type flakes.  Usually manufactured to possess equal properties in all directions parallel to the plane of the panel.

Wake:
Waves created by a moving boat.

Wake:
Waves created by a moving boat.

Walkaround :
A type of offshore fishing boat with a small to mid-size cabin and a perimeter deck that allows easy passage around the entire boat.

Walkaround :
A type of offshore fishing boat with a small to mid-size cabin and a perimeter deck that allows easy passage around the entire boat.

Wane:
The absence of square wood on the edge of a board from any source.

Wane:
The absence of square wood on the edge of a board from any source.

Wane allowance:
The maximum percentage of wane that can be left on the edge of a cut board.

Wane allowance:
The maximum percentage of wane that can be left on the edge of a cut board.

Warp:
Any deviation from a true or plane surface in a board.

Warp:
Any deviation from a true or plane surface in a board.

Waste:
Rock or mineralized material that is too low in grade to be mined and milled at a profit.

Waste:
Rock or mineralized material that is too low in grade to be mined and milled at a profit.

Water box or trough:
A water container mounted under the wetbulb that supplies water to the wick or sock in a dry kiln.

Water box or trough:
A water container mounted under the wetbulb that supplies water to the wick or sock in a dry kiln.

Water-cooled vibrating grate:
A boiler grate made up of a tuyere grate surface mounted on a grid of water tubes interconnected with the boiler circulation system for positive cooling. The structure is supported by flexing plates allowing the grid and grate to move in a vibrating action. Ashes are automatically discharged.

Water-cooled vibrating grate:
A boiler grate made up of a tuyere grate surface mounted on a grid of water tubes interconnected with the boiler circulation system for positive cooling. The structure is supported by flexing plates allowing the grid and grate to move in a vibrating action. Ashes are automatically discharged.

Water hammer:
Potentially damaging condition in steam pipes where waves develop on the condensate surface within a pipe as steam rushes over it.  If the peak of the wave becomes high enough to reach the roof of the pipe, the water in the wave is pushed violently to the far end of the pipe.

Water hammer:
Potentially damaging condition in steam pipes where waves develop on the condensate surface within a pipe as steam rushes over it.  If the peak of the wave becomes high enough to reach the roof of the pipe, the water in the wave is pushed violently to the far end of the pipe.

Water hammer:
Potentially damaging condition in steam pipes where waves develop on the condensate surface within a pipe as steam rushes over it.  If the peak of the wave becomes high enough to reach the roof of the pipe, the water in the wave is pushed violently to the far end of the pipe.

Water hammer:
Potentially damaging condition in steam pipes where waves develop on the condensate surface within a pipe as steam rushes over it.  If the peak of the wave becomes high enough to reach the roof of the pipe, the water in the wave is pushed violently to the far end of the pipe.

Waterline :
The intersection of the hull and the surface of the water.

Waterline :
The intersection of the hull and the surface of the water.

Waterlogged:
Condition of steam coils where condensate is not discharged at a sufficient rate to keep it from accumulating in the coil.  Filled with condensate, the coils do not transfer significant heat to the kiln.

Waterlogged:
Condition of steam coils where condensate is not discharged at a sufficient rate to keep it from accumulating in the coil.  Filled with condensate, the coils do not transfer significant heat to the kiln.

Waterlogged:
Condition of steam coils where condensate is not discharged at a sufficient rate to keep it from accumulating in the coil.  Filled with condensate, the coils do not transfer significant heat to the kiln.

Waterlogged:
Condition of steam coils where condensate is not discharged at a sufficient rate to keep it from accumulating in the coil.  Filled with condensate, the coils do not transfer significant heat to the kiln.

Waypoint :
The coordinates of a specific location.

Waypoint :
The coordinates of a specific location.

Weaning:
Removal of young mammals from their source of milk.

Weaning:
Removal of young mammals from their source of milk.

Weave or wobble:
A circular saw will weave, wobble, or flutter if the rim area is too long for the speed at which it operates.  The speed at which it flutters is the critical speed for that particular saw diameter and tension.

Weave or wobble:
A circular saw will weave, wobble, or flutter if the rim area is too long for the speed at which it operates.  The speed at which it flutters is the critical speed for that particular saw diameter and tension.

Wedge:
A triangular shaped tool used to separate two objects. Used in manual log splitting (2 way) or powered log splitters / firewood processors (2, 4, 6 or more ways).

Wedge:
A triangular shaped tool used to separate two objects. Used in manual log splitting (2 way) or powered log splitters / firewood processors (2, 4, 6 or more ways).

Weigh:
To raise anchor.

Weigh:
To raise anchor.

Western Red Cedar:
Thuja Plicata. This species is found principally along the western edges of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. The wood is soft, straight-grained, and extremely resistant to decay and insect damage. It is used extensively in roof coverings, exterior sidings, fences, decks, and other outdoor applications.

Western Red Cedar:
Thuja Plicata. This species is found principally along the western edges of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. The wood is soft, straight-grained, and extremely resistant to decay and insect damage. It is used extensively in roof coverings, exterior sidings, fences, decks, and other outdoor applications.

Wetbulb:
A drybulb with a wet sock pulled over it to measure the cooling effect of moisture evaporation from its surface.  Used to monitor and maintain humidity conditions within a dry kiln.

Wetbulb:
A drybulb with a wet sock pulled over it to measure the cooling effect of moisture evaporation from its surface.  Used to monitor and maintain humidity conditions within a dry kiln.

Wetbulb depression:
The difference in wetbulb and drybulb temperatures.

Wetbulb depression:
The difference in wetbulb and drybulb temperatures.

Wheat:
A cereal crop grown for animal feed and for the production of flour.

Wheat:
A cereal crop grown for animal feed and for the production of flour.

Wheatfeed:
A byproduct of flour milling. It contains fragments of bran, seedcoat and some flour. Rather dusty but a useful animal food.

Wheatfeed:
A byproduct of flour milling. It contains fragments of bran, seedcoat and some flour. Rather dusty but a useful animal food.

White damp:
Carbon monoxide gas almost always found in the after damp following an explosion of coal dust or fire damp in a mine. Extremely poisonous, lighter than air, colorless, odorless and tasteless.

White damp:
Carbon monoxide gas almost always found in the after damp following an explosion of coal dust or fire damp in a mine. Extremely poisonous, lighter than air, colorless, odorless and tasteless.

White rot:
A type of wood-destroying fungus that attacks both cellulose and lignin, producing a spongy and stringy mass that is usually whitish but which may assume various shades of yellow, tan, and light brown.

White rot:
A type of wood-destroying fungus that attacks both cellulose and lignin, producing a spongy and stringy mass that is usually whitish but which may assume various shades of yellow, tan, and light brown.

White wood (roundwood):
Roundwood with the bark removed by any method and left untreated.

White wood (roundwood):
Roundwood with the bark removed by any method and left untreated.

Widow maker:
Any loose overhead debris such as limbs or tree tops that may fall at any time. Widow makers are extremely dangerous and present the faller with a continual source of danger. Limb or other loose material dropped or thrown from a tree toward the faller as the tree is felled.

Widow maker:
Any loose overhead debris such as limbs or tree tops that may fall at any time. Widow makers are extremely dangerous and present the faller with a continual source of danger. Limb or other loose material dropped or thrown from a tree toward the faller as the tree is felled.

Windlass :
Rotating drum device used for hauling line or chain to raise and lower an anchor.

Windlass :
Rotating drum device used for hauling line or chain to raise and lower an anchor.

Wobble plate:
A rotating canted plate in an axial type piston pump which pushes the pistons into their bores as it "wobbles".

Wobble plate:
A rotating canted plate in an axial type piston pump which pushes the pistons into their bores as it "wobbles".

Wobble plate:
A rotating canted plate in an axial type piston pump which pushes the pistons into their bores as it "wobbles".

Wobble plate:
A rotating canted plate in an axial type piston pump which pushes the pistons into their bores as it "wobbles".

Wobble plate:
A rotating canted plate in an axial type piston pump which pushes the pistons into their bores as it "wobbles".

Wood:
A solid lignocellulosic material naturally produced in trees and some shrubs, made of up to 40%-50% cellulose, 20%-30% hemicellulose, and 20% -30% lignin.

Wood:
A solid lignocellulosic material naturally produced in trees and some shrubs, made of up to 40%-50% cellulose, 20%-30% hemicellulose, and 20% -30% lignin.

Wood:
A solid lignocellulosic material naturally produced in trees and some shrubs, made of up to 40%-50% cellulose, 20%-30% hemicellulose, and 20% -30% lignin.

Wood biodeterioration:
The destruction and eventual reduction of wood to its component sugars and lignin elements through attack by organisms such as, fungi, and certain insects, for instance, termites.

Wood biodeterioration:
The destruction and eventual reduction of wood to its component sugars and lignin elements through attack by organisms such as, fungi, and certain insects, for instance, termites.

Wood cells (vessels):
The basic units comprising wood having open ends and set one above the other so as to form continuous tubes. The openings of the vessels on the surface of a piece of wood are usually referred to as pores. 

Wood cells (vessels):
The basic units comprising wood having open ends and set one above the other so as to form continuous tubes. The openings of the vessels on the surface of a piece of wood are usually referred to as pores. 

Wood preservative:
Any suitable substance that is toxic to fungi, insects, borers, and other living wood-destroying organisms.

Wood preservative:
Any suitable substance that is toxic to fungi, insects, borers, and other living wood-destroying organisms.

Wood residue:
Wood chips, shavings and sawdust produced by a sawmill.

Wood residue:
Wood chips, shavings and sawdust produced by a sawmill.

Wood soap:
A naturally occurring bi-product of pulping wood chips.

Wood soap:
A naturally occurring bi-product of pulping wood chips.

Work:
The application of  force over a definite distance.  Work (W) = Force (F) x distance (s). Expressed in joules, ergs, and foot-pounds. The joule is exactly the amount of work done in exerting the basic metric unit of force, 1 newton, over the basic metric unit of distance, 1 metre.

Work:
The application of  force over a definite distance.  Work (W) = Force (F) x distance (s). Expressed in joules, ergs, and foot-pounds. The joule is exactly the amount of work done in exerting the basic metric unit of force, 1 newton, over the basic metric unit of distance, 1 metre.

Work:
The application of  force over a definite distance.  Work (W) = Force (F) x distance (s). Expressed in joules, ergs, and foot-pounds. The joule is exactly the amount of work done in exerting the basic metric unit of force, 1 newton, over the basic metric unit of distance, 1 metre.

Work:
The application of  force over a definite distance.  Work (W) = Force (F) x distance (s). Expressed in joules, ergs, and foot-pounds. The joule is exactly the amount of work done in exerting the basic metric unit of force, 1 newton, over the basic metric unit of distance, 1 metre.

Work:
The application of  force over a definite distance.  Work (W) = Force (F) x distance (s). Expressed in joules, ergs, and foot-pounds. The joule is exactly the amount of work done in exerting the basic metric unit of force, 1 newton, over the basic metric unit of distance, 1 metre.

Working sails:
Sails used in normal winds.

Working sails:
Sails used in normal winds.

Yachting:
To cruise in a motor yacht that typically ranges from 40- to 89- feet long.

Yachting:
To cruise in a motor yacht that typically ranges from 40- to 89- feet long.

Yardage:
The number of cubic yards of gravel contained in a placer deposit. Also the number of cubic yards mined and processed per hour or per day.

Yardage:
The number of cubic yards of gravel contained in a placer deposit. Also the number of cubic yards mined and processed per hour or per day.

Yard (yd):
Unit of length equal to 3 feet (91.5 centimetres).

Yard (yd):
Unit of length equal to 3 feet (91.5 centimetres).

Yard (yd):
Unit of length equal to 3 feet (91.5 centimetres).

Yard (yd):
Unit of length equal to 3 feet (91.5 centimetres).

Yard (yd):
Unit of length equal to 3 feet (91.5 centimetres).

Yard (yd):
Unit of length equal to 3 feet (91.5 centimetres).

Yaw:
To veer off course.

Yaw:
To veer off course.

Yield:
An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be manufactured from a given input of raw material. Also referred to as product recovery.

Yield:
An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be manufactured from a given input of raw material. Also referred to as product recovery.

Yield:
An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be manufactured from a given input of raw material. Also referred to as product recovery.

Yield:
An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be manufactured from a given input of raw material. Also referred to as product recovery.

Yield:
An expression of the amount of product (nominal or actual) that can be manufactured from a given input of raw material. Also referred to as product recovery.

Zinc anodes:
Small pieces of zinc that attach to metal boat and engine components to help protect them from corrosion due to electrolysis, an effect caused when dissimilar metals are placed in a saltwater solution.

Zinc anodes:
Small pieces of zinc that attach to metal boat and engine components to help protect them from corrosion due to electrolysis, an effect caused when dissimilar metals are placed in a saltwater solution.

Zone of oxidation:
The upper portion of an orebody that has been oxidized.

Zone of oxidation:
The upper portion of an orebody that has been oxidized.

Zoning:
The way a dry kiln is divided into temperature control areas.

Zoning:
The way a dry kiln is divided into temperature control areas.